Essential Interventions, Commodities, and Guidelines for RMNCH - WHO (2012)
Publication date: 2012
EssEntial intErvEntions, CommoditiEs and GuidElinEs for Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health a Global rEviEw of thE kEy intErvEntions rElatEd to rEproduCtivE, matErnal, nEwborn and Child hEalth (rmnCh) Publication reference: The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health. 2011. A Global Review of the Key Interventions Related to Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (RMNCH). Geneva, Switzerland: PMNCH. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. This document is designed for an audience of policy-makers who seek information on the specific health interventions to address the main causes of maternal, newborn and child deaths. It is the result of collaborative work among many partners. The process was led by the World Health Organization, Switzerland, and the Aga Khan University, Pakistan. Experts in maternal, newborn and child health participated in meetings in Geneva in April 2010 and September 2011 and provided inputs to the development and finalization of this document. The contributions of the World Health Organization, the Aga Khan University, invited experts and partners are gratefully acknowledged. This publication, and related advocacy material, will be distributed to over 430 PMNCH partners, and other stakeholders, primarily via the PMNCH website and knowledge portal. In addition, it will be distributed, and discussed, at selected RMNCH advocacy events. photos: Front cover, UNICEF/NYHQ2006-0779/Shehzad Noorani, UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe and UNICEF/BANA2006-01117/Munira Munni; page 16, WHO/Christopher Black; page 18, Joshua Roberts/Save the Children (Mali); page 21, UN Photo/Albert Gonzalez Farran; page 22, UNICEF/NYHQ2006-0990/Shehzad Noorani; back cover, WHO/Christopher Black, UNICEF/BANA2009-00924/Shehzad Noorani, UNICEF/MADA2009-00025/Giacomo Pirozzi and UN Photo/Evan Schneider. design: Roberta Annovi. 3A GlobAl Review of the key inteRventions RelAted to RMnCh one-pAGe suMMARy of essentiAl inteRventions Pg. 4 exeCutive suMMARy Pg. 6 Why reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health? Pg. 6 Methodology Pg. 7 Evidence-based findings Pg. 10 RepRoduCtive And MAteRnAl heAlth inteRventions Pg. 12 newboRn CARe inteRventions Pg. 17 Child heAlth inteRventions Pg. 19 CRoss-CuttinG CoMMunity stRAteGies Pg. 22 biblioGRAphy Pg. 23 ACknowledGeMents Pg. 26 index 4 essentiAl inteRventions, CoMModities And Guidelines foR RepRoduCtive, MAteRnAl, newboRn And Child heAlth ContinuuM of CARe AdolesCenCe & pRe-pReGnAnCy pReGnAnCy (AntenAtAl) ChildbiRth postnAtAl (MotheR) postnAtAl (newboRn) infAnCy & Childhood All levels: CoMMunity pRiMARy RefeRRAl Family planning (advice, hormonal and barrier methods) Prevent and manage sexually transmitted infections, HIV Folic acid fortification/ supplementation to prevent neural tube defects Iron and folic acid supplementation Tetanus vaccination Prevention and management of malaria with insecticide treated nets and antimalarial medicines Prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections and HIV, including with antiretroviral medicines Calcium supplementation to prevent hypertension (high blood pressure) Interventions for cessation of smoking Prophylactic uterotonics to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (excessive bleeding after birth) Manage postpartum haemorrhage using uterine massage and uterotonics Social support during childbirth Family planning advice and contraceptives Nutrition counselling Immediate thermal care (to keep the baby warm) Initiation of early breastfeeding (within the first hour) Hygienic cord and skin care Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months Continued breastfeeding and complementary feeding from 6 months Prevention and case management of childhood malaria Vitamin A supplementation from 6 months of age Routine immunization plus H.influenzae, meningococcal, pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines Management of severe acute malnutrition Case management of childhood pneumonia Case management of diarrhoea pRiMARy And RefeRRAl Family planning (hormonal, barrier and selected surgical methods) Screening for and treatment of syphilis Low dose aspirin to prevent pre-eclampsia Antihypertensive drugs (to treat high blood pressure) Magnesium sulphate for eclampsia Antibiotics for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes Corticosteroids to prevent respiratory distress syndrome in preterm babies Safe abortion Post abortion care Active management of third stage of labour (to deliver the placenta) to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (as above plus controlled cord traction) Management of postpartum haemorrhage (as above plus manual removal of placenta) Screen and manage HIV (if not already tested) Screen for and initiate or continue antiretroviral therapy for HIV Treat maternal anaemia Neonatal resuscitation with bag and mask (by professional health workers for babies who do not breathe at birth) Kangaroo mother care for preterm (premature) and for less than 2000g babies Extra support for feeding small and preterm babies Management of newborns with jaundice (“yellow” newborns) Initiate prophylactic antiretroviral therapy for babies exposed to HIV Comprehensive care of children infected with, or exposed to, HIV RefeRRAl* Family planning (surgical methods) Reduce malpresentation at term with External Cephalic Version Induction of labour to manage prelabour rupture of membranes at term (initiate labour) Caesarean section for maternal/foetal indication (to save the life of the mother/baby) Prophylactic antibiotic for caesarean section Induction of labour for prolonged pregnancy (initiate labour) Management of postpartum haemorrhage (as above plus surgical procedures) Detect and manage postpartum sepsis (serious infections after birth) Presumptive antibiotic therapy for newborns at risk of bacterial infection Use of surfactant (respiratory medication) to prevent respiratory distress syndrome in preterm babies Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to manage babies with respiratory distress syndrome Case management of neonatal sepsis, meningitis and pneumonia Case management of meningitis CoMMunity stRAteGies Home visits for women and children across the continuum of care Women’s groups * Family planning interventions at Referral level include those provided at the Primary level essentiAl, evidenCe-bAsed inteRventions to ReduCe RepRoduCtive, MAteRnAl, one-pAGe suMMARy of essentiAl inteRventions 5A GlobAl Review of the key inteRventions RelAted to RMnCh ContinuuM of CARe AdolesCenCe & pRe-pReGnAnCy pReGnAnCy (AntenAtAl) ChildbiRth postnAtAl (MotheR) postnAtAl (newboRn) infAnCy & Childhood All levels: CoMMunity pRiMARy RefeRRAl Family planning (advice, hormonal and barrier methods) Prevent and manage sexually transmitted infections, HIV Folic acid fortification/ supplementation to prevent neural tube defects Iron and folic acid supplementation Tetanus vaccination Prevention and management of malaria with insecticide treated nets and antimalarial medicines Prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections and HIV, including with antiretroviral medicines Calcium supplementation to prevent hypertension (high blood pressure) Interventions for cessation of smoking Prophylactic uterotonics to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (excessive bleeding after birth) Manage postpartum haemorrhage using uterine massage and uterotonics Social support during childbirth Family planning advice and contraceptives Nutrition counselling Immediate thermal care (to keep the baby warm) Initiation of early breastfeeding (within the first hour) Hygienic cord and skin care Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months Continued breastfeeding and complementary feeding from 6 months Prevention and case management of childhood malaria Vitamin A supplementation from 6 months of age Routine immunization plus H.influenzae, meningococcal, pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines Management of severe acute malnutrition Case management of childhood pneumonia Case management of diarrhoea pRiMARy And RefeRRAl Family planning (hormonal, barrier and selected surgical methods) Screening for and treatment of syphilis Low dose aspirin to prevent pre-eclampsia Antihypertensive drugs (to treat high blood pressure) Magnesium sulphate for eclampsia Antibiotics for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes Corticosteroids to prevent respiratory distress syndrome in preterm babies Safe abortion Post abortion care Active management of third stage of labour (to deliver the placenta) to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (as above plus controlled cord traction) Management of postpartum haemorrhage (as above plus manual removal of placenta) Screen and manage HIV (if not already tested) Screen for and initiate or continue antiretroviral therapy for HIV Treat maternal anaemia Neonatal resuscitation with bag and mask (by professional health workers for babies who do not breathe at birth) Kangaroo mother care for preterm (premature) and for less than 2000g babies Extra support for feeding small and preterm babies Management of newborns with jaundice (“yellow” newborns) Initiate prophylactic antiretroviral therapy for babies exposed to HIV Comprehensive care of children infected with, or exposed to, HIV RefeRRAl* Family planning (surgical methods) Reduce malpresentation at term with External Cephalic Version Induction of labour to manage prelabour rupture of membranes at term (initiate labour) Caesarean section for maternal/foetal indication (to save the life of the mother/baby) Prophylactic antibiotic for caesarean section Induction of labour for prolonged pregnancy (initiate labour) Management of postpartum haemorrhage (as above plus surgical procedures) Detect and manage postpartum sepsis (serious infections after birth) Presumptive antibiotic therapy for newborns at risk of bacterial infection Use of surfactant (respiratory medication) to prevent respiratory distress syndrome in preterm babies Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to manage babies with respiratory distress syndrome Case management of neonatal sepsis, meningitis and pneumonia Case management of meningitis CoMMunity stRAteGies Home visits for women and children across the continuum of care Women’s groups * Family planning interventions at Referral level include those provided at the Primary level newboRn And Child MoRtAlity, And pRoMote RepRoduCtive heAlth 6 essentiAl inteRventions, CoMModities And Guidelines foR RepRoduCtive, MAteRnAl, newboRn And Child heAlth why RepRoduCtive, MAteRnAl, newboRn And Child heAlth? Poor maternal, newborn and child health remains a significant problem in developing countries. Worldwide, 358 000 women die during pregnancy and childbirth every year1 and an estimated 7.6 million children die under the age of five.2 The majority of maternal deaths occur during or immediately after childbirth. The common medical causes for maternal death include bleeding, high blood pressure, prolonged and obstructed labour, infections and unsafe abortions. A child’s risk of dying is highest during the first 28 days of life when about 40% of under-five deaths take place, translating into three million deaths.2 Up to one half of all newborn deaths occur within the first 24 hours of life and 75% occur in the first week. Globally, the main causes of neonatal death are preterm birth, severe infections and asphyxia. Children in low-income countries are nearly 18 times more likely to die before the age of five than children in high-income countries.2 Good maternal health and nutrition are important contributors to child survival. The lack of essential interventions to address these and other health conditions often contribute to indices of neonatal morbidity and mortality (including stillbirths, neonatal deaths and other adverse clinical outcomes). The highest maternal, neonatal and under-five mortality rates are in sub-Saharan Africa and in Southern Asia.2 Although substantial progress has been made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5, the rates of decline in maternal, newborn and under-five mortality remain insufficient to achieve these goals by 2015. Interventions and strategies for improving reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health and survival are closely related and must be provided through a continuum of care approach. When linked together and included as integrated programmes, these interventions can lower costs, promote greater efficiencies and reduce duplication of resources. However, few efforts have been made to identify synergies and integrate these interventions across the continuum of care. Despite the existing plethora of knowledge, there is a lack of consensus on how best to move forward in a coordinated manner so as to achieve progress towards the MDGs. Furthermore, consensus is also needed on the level of evidence. The foremost aim of this global review is to compile existing evidence on the impact of different interventions on the main causes of maternal, newborn and child deaths. The specific objectives of this review were to serve as a first step towards: Developing consensus on the content of RMNCH packages of interventions at each level of the health system across the continuum of care. Facilitating the scaling-up of these interventions. Identifying research gaps in the content of core packages of interventions. Policy and regulatory environment Policy and regulations are crucial to the implementation of any interventions. The recommended list of interventions should be reviewed in light of the existing national policy and regulatory environment. All interventions provided should comply with the laws and policies of the country. When required, these laws and policies may be reviewed and updated to ensure that priority life saving interventions are delivered. exeCutive suMMARy 7A GlobAl Review of the key inteRventions RelAted to RMnCh MethodoloGy Search strategy A total of 142 RMNCH interventions were identified, assessed and selected for this review (there is a 700 page compilation of the evidence which underpins this short summary available at the PMNCH),3 based on current WHO recommendations contained in the following publications: Guidelines on HIV and Infant Feeding (2010); Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (2008); Integrated Management of Childhood Illness for high HIV settings (2008); the Pocket Book on Hospital Care for Children (2005); Integrated Management of Pregnancy and Childbirth Clinical Guidelines (2007); Recommended Interventions for Improving Maternal and Newborn Health - Integrated Management of Pregnancy and Childbirth (2007). Interventions published in the Child and Neonatal Lancet Series (2003 and 2005, respectively) as well as in the WHO Recommended Interventions for Improving Maternal and Newborn health (2010). MdG 4: tRends in undeR-five MoRtAlity, 1990 - 2007 MdG 5: tRends in MAteRnAl MoRtAlity RAtios, 2008 fiGuRe 1: Source: Estimates of maternal mortality levels and trends 1990-2008. WHO/UNICEF/UNFPA/World Bank (2010). Source: Levels & Trends in Child Mortality, Report 2010. WHO / UNICEF / UNPD / World Bank (2010). 8 essentiAl inteRventions, CoMModities And Guidelines foR RepRoduCtive, MAteRnAl, newboRn And Child heAlth Inclusion criteria comprised the following: (i) the intervention has an alleged impact on reducing maternal, neonatal and child mortality; (ii) the intervention is suitable for delivery in low- and middle-income countries, and/or settings where minimal essential care is generally available; and (iii) the intervention is delivered through the health sector (community level up to the referral level of health care). Relevant reviews for each intervention were identified from the following electronic databases: the Cochrane database of systematic reviews, the Cochrane database of abstract reviews of effectiveness (DARE), the Cochrane database of systematic reviews of randomized control trials (RCTs), and PubMed. The reference lists of reviews and recommendations from experts in the field were also used as sources to obtain additional publications. The principal focus was on the existing systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Selection on interventions The interventions were prioritized according to the following criteria: Interventions expected to have a significant impact on maternal, newborn and child survival, addressing the main causes of maternal, newborn and child mortality. Interventions suitable for implementation in low- and middle-income countries; minimal essential care. Interventions delivered through the health sector, from the community up to the first referral level of health service provision. Classification of interventions The interventions were classified into categories A, B and C, according to the framework provided in box 1. The classification of the effect of interventions according to the evidence available was done based on that used by the Cochrane group, as follows: a b C d E Interventions that are beneficial Interventions likely to be beneficial Interventions with a trade- off between beneficial and adverse effects Interventions of unknown effect, including absence of reviews Interventions likely to be ineffective or harmful This classification benefited from being broadly known, recognized and accepted since it is the classification used by the Cochrane systematic review process that has guided this exercise from the beginning. The “evidence” was restricted to published systematic reviews; not including single studies. box 1: CAteGoRy evidenCe foR inteRvention CAteGoRies deliveRy stRAteGies ACtion a Intervention evidence agreed Delivery strategy agreed Disseminate for rapid scale-up b Intervention evidence agreed Delivery strategy no consensus Collate evidence and define gaps in evidence for delivery strategies – seek consensus C Intervention evidence still questioned Delivery strategy no consensus Further research required 9A GlobAl Review of the key inteRventions RelAted to RMnCh CoMMunity level/hoMe fiRst level/outReACh RefeRRAl level/distRiCt hospitAl The origin of evidence included the following three different levels of delivery of interventions and these were defined in the publication by the World Bank “Priorities in Health”:4 (1) CoMMunity level/hoMe - Health care providers at this level include community health workers and outreach workers. It utilizes resources such as volunteers’ time, local knowledge and community confidence and trust as channels for delivery of interventions generally related to safe motherhood, nutrition and simple prevention and treatments. Many countries have attempted to construct links between community-based health care resources and households for a range of health programmes. These programmes do not substitute for a health system, but provide a channel for reaching families with information and resources. Community health workers (CHWs) not only promote healthy behaviours and preventive action but can mobilize demand for appropriate services at other levels. The success of community health efforts depends critically on the context, including level of development of infrastructure, services and socioeconomic resources. (2) fiRst level/outReACh - Health care providers at this level of care include professionals, outreach workers as well as the community health workers. It includes a range of initiatives that are associated with the Alma Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care approved by WHO in 1978. More recently, the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health described the need for developing services that are close to the client. The basic notion is a common one: recognition that a certain range of health care services must act as an interface between families and community programmes on the one hand, and hospitals and national health policies on the other. There has been substantial convergence in the content of general first level primary care over time: maternity related care (for instance, prenatal care, skilled birth attendance and family planning), interventions to address childhood diseases (such as vaccine preventable diseases, acute respiratory infections, diarrhoea) and prevention and treatment of major infectious diseases. (3) RefeRRAl level - This level of delivery of interventions refers to hospitals in general. These can be either district hospitals or referral hospitals. The health care providers at this level are professionals. District hospitals - Generally designed to serve people with services that are more sophisticated, technically demanding and specialized than those available at a primary care facility/first level care, but not as specialized as those provided by referral hospitals. Their range of services includes diagnostics, treatment, care, counselling and rehabilitation. District hospitals may also provide health information, training and administrative and logistical support to primary and community health care programmes. They concentrate skills and resources in one place for the delivery of interventions for conditions that are either uncommon or difficult to treat. They are also a repository of knowledge and diagnostic tools for assessing whether referral to an even more specialized facility is indicated. 10 essentiAl inteRventions, CoMModities And Guidelines foR RepRoduCtive, MAteRnAl, newboRn And Child heAlth Referral hospitals - Referral hospitals provide complex clinical care interventions to patients referred from the community, primary/first, or district hospital levels. Referral hospitals need to provide many forms of support, including advice on which patients to refer, proper post discharge care and long-term management of chronic conditions. Referral hospitals can also provide important managerial and administrative support to other facilities, serving as gateways for drugs and medical supplies, laboratory testing services, general procurement, data collection from health information systems and epidemiological surveillance. They are also the vehicle for disseminating technologies by training new staff and providing continuing professional education for existing staff at different facilities. evidenCe-bAsed findinGs The following table lists the interventions classified as “A” based on the criteria defined in Box 1. ClAssifiCAtion of inteRventions ACCoRdinG to the level of heAlth CARe deliveRy Intervention Referral level 1st level Community Adolescents & Pre-Pregnancy Family planning 3 3 3 Prevent and manage Sexually Transmitted illnesses including Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV and syphilis 3 3 3 Folic acid fortification and/or supplementation for preventing Neural Tube Defects 3 3 3 Pregnancy Management of unintended pregnancy Availability and provision of safe abortion care when indicated Provision of post abortion care 3 3 - 3 - - Appropriate antenatal care package: Screening for maternal illnesses Screening for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Screening for anaemia Iron and folic acid to prevent maternal anaemia Tetanus immunization Counselling on family planning, birth and emergency preparedness Prevention and management of HIV, including with antiretrovirals Prevent and manage malaria with insecticide treated nets and antimalarial medicine Smoking cessation 3 3 - Reduce malpresentation at term with External Cephalic Version 3 - - Prevention of pre-eclampsia Calcium to prevent hypertension Low dose aspirin to prevent hypertension 3 3 3 - - - Magnesium Sulphate for eclampsia 3 3 - Induction of labour to manage prelabour rupture of membranes at term 3 - - Antibiotics for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes 3 3 - Corticosteroids to prevent respiratory distress syndrome in newborns 3 - - 11A GlobAl Review of the key inteRventions RelAted to RMnCh Intervention Referral level 1st level Community Childbirth Induction of labour for prolonged pregnancy 3 - - Prophylactic uterotonics to prevent postpartum haemorrhage 3 3 3 Active management of third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage 3 3 - Management of postpartum haemorrhage (e.g. uterotonics, uterine massage) 3 3 3 Caesarean section for maternal/foetal indication 3 - - Prophylactic antibiotics for caesarean section 3 - - Postnatal (mother) Family planning 3 3 3 Prevent and treat maternal anaemia 3 3 - Detect and manage postpartum sepsis 3 3 - Screen and initiate or continue antiretroviral therapy for HIV 3 3 - Postnatal (newborn) Immediate thermal care 3 3 3 Initiation of exclusive breastfeeding (within first hour) 3 3 3 Hygienic cord and skin care 3 3 3 Neonatal resuscitation with bag and mask (professional health worker) 3 3 - Case management of neonatal sepsis, meningitis and pneumonia 3 3 - Kangaroo mother care for preterm and for less than 2000g babies 3 3 - Management of newborns with jaundice 3 3 - Surfactant to prevent respiratory distress syndrome in preterm babies 3 - - Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to manage babies with respiratory distress syndrome 3 - - Extra support for feeding small and preterm babies 3 3 - Presumptive antibiotic therapy for newborns at risk of bacterial infections 3 - - Infancy and Childhood Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months 3 3 3 Continued breastfeeding and complementary feeding from 6 months 3 3 3 Prevention and case management of childhood malaria 3 3 3 Vitamin A supplementation from 6 months of age 3 3 3 Comprehensive care of children infected with or exposed to HIV 3 3 - Routine immunization and H. influenzae, meningococcal, pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines 3 3 3 Management of severe acute malnutrition 3 3 - Case management of childhood pneumonia 3 3 3 Case management of diarrhoea 3 3 3 Cross-cutting community strategies Home visits for women and children across the continuum of care - - 3 12 essentiAl inteRventions, CoMModities And Guidelines foR RepRoduCtive, MAteRnAl, newboRn And Child heAlth RepRoduCtive And MAteRnAl heAlth inteRventions pRioRity inteRventions level of CARe (CoMMunity, pRiMARy, RefeRRAl) CoMMunity oR pRofessionAl heAlth woRkeRs key CoMModities (suppleMented by Annex) pRACtiCe Guidelines And tRAininG MAnuAls prEConCEption/pEriConCEptual intErvEntions Family planning5-7 Community Primary Referral ALL Barrier methods (male and female condoms, diaphragm, gels, foams) Oral contraceptives (progestin only and combined) Emergency contraceptives and hormonal injections Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2010/9789241563888_eng.pdf Family Planning: a global handbook for providers http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2011/9780978856373_eng.pdf Surgical Care at the District Hospital www.who.int/surgery/publications/scdh_ manual/en/index.html pgs 9-8, 11-19 Primary Referral Professional health workers All of the above plus implants Long acting reversible contraceptives (implants) Intrauterine devices Surgical contraception Prevention and management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), including HIV for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV and syphilis8, 9 Community Primary Referral ALL Materials for counselling Condoms (male and female) Antibiotics in line with essential medicine guidelines Sexually transmitted and other reproductive tract infections: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2005/9241592656.pdf Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf Rapid advice: use of antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/advice/en/index.html Primary Referral Professional health workers Materials for counselling Condoms (male and female) Antibiotics in line with essential medicine guidelines Laboratory test kits for STI/HIV Antiretroviral medicines (refer to the essential list of medicines) Folic acid fortification and/or supplementation to prevent Neural Tube Defects10, 11 Community Primary Referral ALL Folic acid fortification of staple food e.g. flour Folic acid tablets Folic Acid for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement www.annals.org/content/150/9/626.abstract prEGnanCy Antenatal Care12 Essential Package Primary Referral Professional health workers Fetal stethoscope Scale Sphygmomanometer Haemoglobinometer Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf WHO Antenatal Care Randomized Trial: Manual for the implementation of the new model http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHO_ RHR_01.30.pdf Iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy13-15 Community Primary Referral ALL Iron and folic acid Guidelines for the use of iron supplements to prevent and treat iron deficiency anaemia www.who.int/nutrition/publications/ micronutrients/guidelines_for_Iron_ supplementation.pdf Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf Tetanus immunization in pregnancy for preventing neonatal tetanus16, 17 Community Primary Referral ALL Vaccine (TT vaccine) Neonatal tetanus www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/ diseases/neonatal_tetanus/en/index.html Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf 13A GlobAl Review of the key inteRventions RelAted to RMnCh pRioRity inteRventions level of CARe (CoMMunity, pRiMARy, RefeRRAl) CoMMunity oR pRofessionAl heAlth woRkeRs key CoMModities (suppleMented by Annex) pRACtiCe Guidelines And tRAininG MAnuAls Prevention and management of malaria in pregnancy a) Prophylactic antimalarial for preventing malaria in pregnancy18, 19 b) Provision and promotion of use of Insecticide Treated Nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy20 Community Primary Referral ALL Antimalarial drugs according to the situation/context Insecticide Treated Nets Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf Insecticide treated bednets: a WHO position statement www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/ itnspospaperfinal.pdf Interventions for smoking cessation during pregnancy for improving birth outcomes21 Community Primary Referral ALL Materials for individual and group counselling and behavioural change interventions on smoking cessation Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf Screening and treatment of Syphilis22, 23 Primary Referral Professional health workers Onsite tests and laboratory equipment Penicillin Counselling material Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf The Prevention and management of congenital syphilis: an overview and recommendations www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/82/6/424.pdf Prevention and management of HIV and Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission in Pregnancy8, 24, 25 Community Primary Referral ALL HIV test kits Antiretroviral drugs Cotrimoxazole Counselling material Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf Rapid advice: use of antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/advice/en/index.html Prevention and management of hypertension in pregnancy: WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2011/9789241548335_eng.pdf Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2007/9241545879_eng.pdf a) Calcium supplementation in pregnancy26-28 a) Community Primary Referral a) ALL a) Calcium b) Low-dose Aspirin for the prevention of pre-eclampsia in high risk women28, 29 b) Primary Referral b) Professional health workers b) Low dose Aspirin c) Use of antihypertensive drugs for treating severe hypertension in pregnancy28, 30 c) Primary Referral c) Professional health workers c) Methyldopa, Hydralazine, Nifedipine d) Prevention and treatment of Eclampsia28, 31, 32 d) Primary Referral d) Professional health workers d) Magnesium Sulphate (Injection) Reduce malpresentation at term using External Cephalic Version (> 36 weeks)33-35 Referral Professional health workers Stethoscope Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2007/9241545879_eng.pdf 14 essentiAl inteRventions, CoMModities And Guidelines foR RepRoduCtive, MAteRnAl, newboRn And Child heAlth pRioRity inteRventions level of CARe (CoMMunity, pRiMARy, RefeRRAl) CoMMunity oR pRofessionAl heAlth woRkeRs key CoMModities (suppleMented by Annex) pRACtiCe Guidelines And tRAininG MAnuAls Management of prelabour rupture of membranes and preterm labour: Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2007/9241545879_eng.pdf WHO recommendations for induction of labour http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2011/9789241501156_eng.pdf a) Induction of labour for management of prelabour rupture of membranes at term36 Referral Professional health workers Uterotonic (Oxytocin and/or Misoprostol) Partograph Stethoscope Sphygmomanometer b) Antibiotics for management of preterm rupture of membranes37 Primary Referral Professional health workers Antibiotic (Erythromycin) Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2007/9241545879_eng.pdf Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf c) Corticosteroids for prevention of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome38, 39 Primary Referral Professional health workers Corticosteroids (Betamethasone, Dexamethasone) Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2007/9241545879_eng.pdf Management of unintended pregnancy:40 a) Availability and provision of safe abortion b) Provision of post abortion care Primary Referral Professional health workers Materials for counselling, health education and health promotion Medications for induced abortion (Mifepristone, Misoprostol) Vacuum aspiration equipment Uterotonics (Misoprostol, Oxytocin) Antibiotics in line with essential medicine guidelines Surgical procedures when required Sphygmomanometer Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003 http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2003/9241590343.pdf World Health Organization: Clinical practice handbook for safe abortion care. World Health Organization. Geneva. 2011. In Press Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2007/9241545879_eng.pdf Childbirth Social support during childbirth41 Community Primary Referral ALL Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf Prophylactic antibiotic for caesarean section42 Referral Professional health workers Antibiotics (Ampicillin or Cefazolin) Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2007/9241545879_eng.pdf Caesarean section for maternal/foetal indication (e.g. obstructed labour and central placenta previa) (established practice) Referral Professional health workers Surgical environment Sphygmomanometer Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2007/9241545879_eng.pdf Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage a) Prophylactic uterotonic to prevent postpartum haemorrhage43, 44 Community Primary Referral ALL Uterotonics (Oxytocin, Misoprostol) WHO recommendation for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2007/WHO_ MPS_07.06_eng.pdf 15A GlobAl Review of the key inteRventions RelAted to RMnCh pRioRity inteRventions level of CARe (CoMMunity, pRiMARy, RefeRRAl) CoMMunity oR pRofessionAl heAlth woRkeRs key CoMModities (suppleMented by Annex) pRACtiCe Guidelines And tRAininG MAnuAls b) Active management of third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage45-49 Primary Referral Professional health workers Uterotonics (Oxytocin, Ergometrine) Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2007/9241545879_eng.pdf WHO recommendation for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2007/WHO_ MPS_07.06_eng.pdf Induction of labour for prolonged pregnancy50 Referral Professional health workers Uterotonics (Oxytocin, Misoprostol) Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2007/9241545879_eng.pdf Managing prolonged and obstructed labour www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/ documents/3_9241546662/en/index.html WHO recommendations for induction of labour http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2011/9789241501156_eng.pdf Management of postpartum haemorrhage e.g. a) uterine massage b) uterotonics48, 51 Community Primary Referral Community health workers Primary and Referral Uterotonics (Oxytocin, Ergometrine, Misoprostol) Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2007/9241545879_eng.pdf WHO guidelines for the management of postpartum haemorrhage and retained placenta http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2009/9789241598514_eng.pdf c) manual removal of placenta (only by professional health workers) Primary Referral Professional health workers Uterotonics (Oxytocin, Ergometrine, Misoprostol) IV fluids Blood transfusion Surgical facilities Initiation or continuation of HIV therapy for HIV positive women Primary Referral Professional health workers HIV testing kit + ARVs Rapid Advice: Use of antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2009/9789241598934_eng.pdf PosTnATAl - MoTHeR Advice and provision of family planning52 Community Primary Referral ALL Barrier methods (male and female condoms, diaphragm, gels, foams) Oral contraceptives (progestin only and combined) Emergency contraception and hormonal injections Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2010/9789241563888_eng.pdf Family Planning: a global handbook for providers http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2011/9780978856373_eng.pdf Surgical Care at the District Hospital www.who.int/surgery/publications/scdh_ manual/en/index.html pgs 9-8, 11-19 Primary Referral Professional health workers All of the above plus implants Long acting reversible contraceptives (implants) Intrauterine devices Surgical contraception Prevent, measure and treat maternal anaemia53 Referral Professional health workers Ferrous Salt (liquid or tablet) Ferrous Salt+Folic Acid (tablet) Folic Acid (tablet) Hydroxycobalamine (injection) Lab tests Blood products Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2007/9241545879_eng.pdf 16 essentiAl inteRventions, CoMModities And Guidelines foR RepRoduCtive, MAteRnAl, newboRn And Child heAlth pRioRity inteRventions level of CARe (CoMMunity, pRiMARy, RefeRRAl) CoMMunity oR pRofessionAl heAlth woRkeRs key CoMModities (suppleMented by Annex) pRACtiCe Guidelines And tRAininG MAnuAls Detection and management of postpartum sepsis54 Referral Professional health workers Antibiotics (Ampilcillin, Gentamicin, Metronidazole) Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2007/9241545879_eng.pdf Screening and initiation or continuation of antiretroviral therapy for HIV8 Primary Referral Professional health workers Antiretroviral medicines HIV test kits Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum and Newborn Care: a guide to essential practice http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2006/924159084X_eng.pdf Rapid advice: use of antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/advice/en/index.html 17A GlobAl Review of the key inteRventions RelAted to RMnCh newboRn CARe inteRventions - biRth And postnAtAl pRioRity inteRventions level of CARe (CoMMunity, pRiMARy, RefeRRAl) CoMMunity oR pRofessionAl heAlth woRkeRs key CoMModities (suppleMented by Annex) pRACtiCe Guidelines And tRAininG MAnuAls immEdiatE EssEntial nEwborn CarE (at thE timE of birth) Promotion and provision of thermal care for all newborns to prevent hypothermia (immediate drying, warming, skin to skin, delayed bathing)55 Community Primary Referral ALL Materials for counselling, health education and health promotion WHO essential newborn care www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/ documents/newborncare_course/en/index.html WHO. Thermal protection of the newborn: a practical guide (Part of training material) http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/ documents/ws42097th/en/ WHO. IMCI chart booklet (2008) www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/IMCI_chartbooklet/en/index.html Promotion and support for early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding (within the first hour)56-59 Community Primary Referral ALL Materials for counselling, health education and health promotion WHO. Infant and Young child feeding - Programming Guide www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9241591218/en/index.html WHO. IMCI chart booklet (2008) www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/IMCI_chartbooklet/en/index.html Infant young child feeding counselling: An integrated course (Part of training material) www.who.int/nutrition/publications/ infantfeeding/9789241594745/en/index.html Promotion and provision of hygienic cord and skin care60 Community Primary Referral ALL Cord clamp and scissors Clean birth kit for health facilities WHO Essential newborn care www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/ documents/newborncare_course/en/index.html WHO. IMCI chart booklet (2008) www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/IMCI_chartbooklet/en/index.html WHO. IMPAC - Pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and newborn care: a guide for essential practice (2006) www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/ documents/924159084x/en/index.html Neonatal resuscitation with bag and mask for babies who do not breathe at birth61-63 Primary Referral Professional health workers Training aids and devices to maintain competencies Newborn resuscitation device (Ambu Bag, bag-mask and suction device) American Academy of Pediatrics Helping babies breathe - The Golden Minute www.helpingbabiesbreathe.org/ masterTrainers.html WHO Essential newborn care www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/ documents/newborncare_course/en/index.html Newborn immunization Primary Referral Professional health workers Vaccines, syringes, safety boxes, cold chain equipment WHO Vaccine Position papers www.who.int/immunization/position_papers/en/ nEonatal infECtion manaGEmEnt Presumptive antibiotic therapy for the newborns at risk of bacterial infection64 Referral Professional health workers Antibiotics (ampicillin and gentamicin or penicillin) WHO. Managing newborn problems - a guide for doctors, nurses and midwives www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/ documents/9241546220/en/index.html WHO. IMPAC - Pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and newborn care: a guide for essential practice (2006) www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/ documents/924159084x/en/index.html Case management of neonatal sepsis, meningitis and pneumonia65-69 Primary Referral Professional health workers Materials for counselling, health education and health promotion Thermometer / digital thermometer Timer Blood sugar sticks (disposable) Nasogastric tube Antibiotics (oral and injectable) WHO. IMCI chart booklet (2008) www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/IMCI_chartbooklet/en/index.html WHO. Pocket book of hospital care for children (2005) www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9241546700/en/index.html Initiation of ART in babies born to HIV infected mother Primary Referral Professional health workers HIV testing kit + ARVs Rapid Advice: Use of antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2009/9789241598934_eng.pdf 18 essentiAl inteRventions, CoMModities And Guidelines foR RepRoduCtive, MAteRnAl, newboRn And Child heAlth pRioRity inteRventions level of CARe (CoMMunity, pRiMARy, RefeRRAl) CoMMunity oR pRofessionAl heAlth woRkeRs key CoMModities (suppleMented by Annex) pRACtiCe Guidelines And tRAininG MAnuAls intErvEntions for small and ill babiEs Kangaroo mother care (KMC) for preterm and for < 2000g babies70, 71 Primary Referral Professional health workers Materials for counselling, health education and health promotion Support Binder for KMC (KMC wrap) Hat Nasogastric tube WHO | Kangaroo mother care: a practical guide www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/ documents/9241590351/en/ WHO. Essential newborn care course (2010) - Training Tool www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/ documents/newborncare_course/en/ Extra support for feeding the small and preterm baby 72 Primary Referral Professional health workers Nasogastric tubes Feeding cups Breast pump Syringe drivers Blood sugar testing sticks Materials for counselling WHO guide for feeding preterm and LBW babies (forthcoming in the web) WHO. Essential newborn care course (2010) - Training Tool www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/ documents/newborncare_course/en/ Prophylactic and therapeutic use of surfactant to prevent respiratory distress syndrome in pre- term babies73 Referral Professional health workers Surfactant Oxygen supply/concentrator Pulse oximeter WHO. IMPAC - Managing newborn problems: a guide for doctors, nurses and midwives (2003) - Guideline www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/ documents/9241546220/en/index.html Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to manage pre-term babies with respiratory distress syndrome74, 75 Referral Professional health workers Standard CPAP or bubble CPAP Oxygen supply/concentrator Pulse oximeter WHO. IMPAC - Managing newborn problems: a guide for doctors, nurses and midwives (2003) www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/ documents/9241546220/en/index.html Management of newborns with jaundice76, 77 Primary Referral Professional health workers Bilirubinometer Phototherapy lamp eye shade IV fluids Exchange transfusion kit WHO. Pocket book of hospital care for children (2005) www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9241546700/en/index.html WHO. IMPAC - Managing newborn problems: a guide for doctors, nurses and midwives (2003) www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/ documents/9241546220/en/index.html 19A GlobAl Review of the key inteRventions RelAted to RMnCh Child heAlth inteRventions pRioRity inteRventions level of CARe (CoMMunity, pRiMARy, RefeRRAl) CoMMunity oR pRofessionAl heAlth woRkeRs key CoMModities (suppleMented by Annex) pRACtiCe Guidelines And tRAininG MAnuAls infanCy and Childhood Promotion and support for exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months78, 79 Community Primary Referral ALL Materials for counselling, health education and health promotion, including individual and group counselling WHO. Exclusive Breastfeeding www.who.int/nutrition/topics/exclusive_ breastfeeding/en/ WHO. Infant and young child feeding counselling: an integrated course (2006) - Training tool www.who.int/nutrition/publications/ infantfeeding/9789241594745/en/index.html WHO. Community-based strategies for breastfeeding promotion and support in developing countries (2003) - Technical Review www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9241591218/en/index.html WHO. IMCI chart booklet (2008) www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/IMCI_chartbooklet/en/index.html Promotion and support of continued breastfeeding and complementary feeding a) Continued breastfeeding up to 2 years and beyond79 b) Appropriate complementary feeding starting at 6 months80, 81 Community Primary Referral ALL Materials for counselling, health education and health promotion WHO. Guiding principles for complementary feeding of the breastfed child (2003) http://whqlibdoc.who.int/paho/2003/a85622.pdf WHO. Guiding principles for feeding non- breastfed children 6-24 months of age (2005) www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9241593431/en/index.html Prevention and management of childhood malaria a) Provision and promotion of use of insecticide treated bed nets for children82, 83 b) Case management of childhood malaria84 Community Primary Referral ALL Materials for counselling, health education and health promotion Insecticide treated nets Rapid diagnostic tests Antimalarial drugs according to guidelines WHO. Insecticide-treated mosquito nets: a position statement (2007) www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/ itnspospaperfinal/en/index.html WHO. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria (2010) http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2010/9789241547925_eng.pdf WHO. IMCI chart booklet being updated at www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/IMCI_chartbooklet/en/index.html WHO. Pocket book of hospital care for children: guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources (being updated) www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9241546700/en/index.html WHO. Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT) course at www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9241546875/en/index.html 20 essentiAl inteRventions, CoMModities And Guidelines foR RepRoduCtive, MAteRnAl, newboRn And Child heAlth pRioRity inteRventions level of CARe (CoMMunity, pRiMARy, RefeRRAl) CoMMunity oR pRofessionAl heAlth woRkeRs key CoMModities (suppleMented by Annex) pRACtiCe Guidelines And tRAininG MAnuAls Comprehensive care of children infected with or exposed to HIV8, 85 Primary Referral Professional health workers Antiretroviral drugs HIV test kits Cotrimoxazole Psychosocial support Nutritional support WHO. Guidelines on HIV and infant feeding 2010 www.who.int/nutrition/publications/ hivaids/9789241599535/en/index.html WHO. Manual on paediatric HIV care and treatment for district hospitals www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9789241501026/en/index.html WHO recommendations on the management of diarrhoea and pneumonia in HIV-infected infants and children www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9789241548083/en/index.html WHO. IMCI chart booklet for high HIV settings www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9789241597388/en/index.html WHO. Pocket book of hospital care for children: guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9241546700/en/index.html Promote and provide routine immunization plus H.influenzae, meningococcal, pneumococcal, and rotavirus vaccines86, 87 Community Primary Referral ALL Materials for counselling, health education and health promotion Vaccines, syringes, safety boxes, cold chain equipment WHO. IMCI chart booklet (2008) - Guideline www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/IMCI_chartbooklet/en/index.html Vitamin A supplementation from 6 months of age in Vitamin A deficient populations88, 89 Community Primary Referral ALL Vitamin A capsules Material for counselling on Vitamin A rich foods WHO Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation in infants and children 6-59 months of age (2011) www.who.int/nutrition/publications/ micronutrients/guidelines/vas_6to59_months/ en/index.html Management of severe acute malnutrition:90, 91 a) without complications (all levels) b) with complications (Referral) Community Primary Referral ALL Community level Appropriate ready-to-use therapeutic foods Micronutrient supplements Vitamin A capsules Health Facility level Antibiotics Therapeutic food formulations (F75/100) WHO. Management of severe malnutrition: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers (1999) www.who.int/nutrition/publications/ severemalnutrition/en/manage_severe_ malnutrition_eng.pdf WHO. Pocket book of hospital care for children: guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9241546700/en/index.html Case management of childhood pneumonia92 a) Vitamin A as part of treatment for measles-associated pneumonia for children above 6 months93, 94 b) Vitamin A as part of treatment for non-measles- associated pneumonia for children above 6 months92, 95-98 Community Primary Referral ALL Community and Health Facility level Respiratory rate timers Vitamin A capsules Appropriate antibiotics Referral level Oxygen for severe pneumonia Pulse oximeter WHO. Manual for the Community Health Worker: Caring for the sick child in the community (Working Version) WHO and UNICEF. Management of Sick Children by Community Health Worker (2006) www.unicef.org/publications/files/ Management_of_Sick_Children_by_ Community_Health_Workers.pdf WHO. IMCI chart booklet (2008) - Guideline www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/IMCI_chartbooklet/en/index.html WHO. Pocket book of hospital care for children - Guideline www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9241546700/en/index.html 21A GlobAl Review of the key inteRventions RelAted to RMnCh pRioRity inteRventions level of CARe (CoMMunity, pRiMARy, RefeRRAl) CoMMunity oR pRofessionAl heAlth woRkeRs key CoMModities (suppleMented by Annex) pRACtiCe Guidelines And tRAininG MAnuAls Case management of diarrhoea: a) Acute watery diarrhoea99-105 b) Dysentery106, 107 Community Primary Referral ALL Materials for counselling, health education and health promotion Zinc (tablets / solution) Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) Appropriate antibiotics for dysentery according to guidelines WHO Guidelines on hand hygiene in health care (2009) http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2009/9789241597906_eng.pdf WHO. Guidelines for Drinking Water Safety (2011) www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/ publications/2011/dwq_guidelines/en/index.html WHO. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater (2006) www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/ wastewater/gsuww/en/index.html WHO. Manual for the Community Health Worker: Caring for the sick child in the community (Working Version) WHO. Management of Sick Children by Community Health Worker (2006) www.unicef.org/publications/files/ Management_of_Sick_Children_by_ Community_Health_Workers.pdf WHO. IMCI chart booklet (2008) - Guideline www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/IMCI_chartbooklet/en/index.html WHO. Pocket book of hospital care for children - Guideline www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9241546700/en/index.html Case management of meningitis Referral Professional health workers Appropriate antibiotics Supportive treatment WHO. Pocket book of hospital care for children - Guideline www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/ documents/9241546700/en/index.html 22 essentiAl inteRventions, CoMModities And Guidelines foR RepRoduCtive, MAteRnAl, newboRn And Child heAlth There are several cross-cutting community strategies across the continuum of care e.g. home visits59, 108, participation of women’s groups, conditional cash transfers etc. The strategies can be used for demand creation, empowerment, service delivery etc. These will be reviewed at a later date and recommendations arising from the review will be published in a complementary document. CRoss-CuttinG CoMMunity stRAteGies 23A GlobAl Review of the key inteRventions RelAted to RMnCh biblioGRAphy 1. Trends in Maternal Mortality1990 to 2008. Estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and The World Bank.(2010) 2. Levels & trends in Child Mortality. Report 2011. Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. (2011) 3. 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Home visits by community health workers to prevent neonatal deaths in developing countries: a systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2010;88(9):658-666. 26 essentiAl inteRventions, CoMModities And Guidelines foR RepRoduCtive, MAteRnAl, newboRn And Child heAlth ACknowledGeMents The Partnership for Maternal, newborn & Child Health World Health Organization 20 Avenue Appia , CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland Fax: + 41 22 791 5854 Telephone: + 41 22 791 2595 pmnch@who.int www.pmnch.org
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