Suriname - Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey - 2010
Publication date: 2010
Suriname Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 Surinam e 2010 M ultiple Indicator C luster Survey Monitoring the situation of children and women Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 United Nations Children’s Fund Government of Suriname Suriname Su Mu 201 Fin Janu rina ultiple 10 nal R uary, 2 ame e Ind Repo 2013 icato ort or Cluuster Surveey The Suriname Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was carried out in 2010 by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Housing in collaboration with General Bureau of Statistics and the Institute for Social Research (IMWO) of the University of Suriname. Financial and technical support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). MICS is an international household survey programme developed by UNICEF. The Suriname MICS was conducted as part of the fourth global round of MICS surveys (MICS4). MICS provides up‐to‐date information on the situation of children and women and measures key indicators that allow countries to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments. Additional information on the global MICS project may be obtained from www.childinfo.org. Cover photo: UN Suriname/2011/Pelu Vidal Other photos: UN Suriname/2011/Pelu Vidal Suggested citation: Ministry of Social Affairs and Housing and General Bureau of Statistics, 2012. Suriname Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010, Final Report: Paramaribo, Suriname. Printed by Suriprint n.v. Suriname Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 Ministry of Social Affairs and Housing United Nations Children’s Fund General Bureau of Statistics Institute for Social Research of the Anton de Kom University of Suriname January, 2013 Summary Table of Findings iv Suriname MICS4 Summary Table of Findings Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and Millennium Development Goals (MDG) Indicators, Suriname, 2010 Topic MICS4 Indicator Number MDG Indicator Number Indicator Value NUTRITION Nutritional status 2.1a 2.1b 1.8 Underweight prevalence Moderate and Severe (‐ 2 SD) Severe (‐ 3 SD) 5.8 1.3 Percent Percent 2.2a 2.2b Stunting prevalence Moderate and Severe (‐ 2 SD) Severe (‐ 3 SD) 8.8 2.2 Percent Percent 2.3a 2.3b Wasting prevalence Moderate and Severe (‐ 2 SD) Severe (‐ 3 SD) 5.0 0.8 Percent Percent Breastfeeding and infant feeding 2.4 Children ever breastfed 90.4 Percent 2.5 Early initiation of breastfeeding 44.7 Percent 2.6 Exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months 2.8 Percent 2.7 Continued breastfeeding at 1 year 22.7 Percent 2.8 Continued breastfeeding at 2 years 14.9 Percent 2.9 Predominant breastfeeding under 6 months 18.4 Percent 2.10 Duration of breastfeeding 8.0 Months 2.11 Bottle feeding 71.9 Percent 2.12 Introduction of solid, semi‐solid or soft foods 47.0 Percent 2.13 Minimum meal frequency 64.3 Percent 2.14 Age‐appropriate breastfeeding 14.7 Percent 2.15 Milk feeding frequency for non‐breastfed children 80.6 Percent Low birth weight 2.18 Low‐birth weight infants 13.9 Percent 2.19 Infants weighed at birth 80.5 Percent CHILD HEALTH Vaccinations 3.2 Polio immunization coverage (18‐29 months old children, before age 12 months) 79.0 Percent 3.4 4.3 Measles (MMR) immunization coverage (18‐29 months old children, before age 18 months) 73.9 Percent 3.6 Yellow fever immunization coverage (18‐29 months old children, at any time before the survey) 1 64.0 Percent Tetanus toxoid 3.7 Neonatal tetanus protection 36.4 Percent Care of illness 3.8 Oral rehydration therapy with continued feeding 60.8 Percent 3.9 Care seeking for suspected pneumonia 75.8 Percent 3.10 Antibiotic treatment of suspected pneumonia 71.2 Percent Solid fuel use 3.11 Solid fuels 11.4 Percent Malaria1 3.12 Household availability of insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) 60.5 Percent 3.13 Households protected by a vector control method 60.9 Percent 3.14 Children under age 5 sleeping under any mosquito net 53.6 Percent 3.15 6.7 Children under age 5 sleeping under insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) 43.4 Percent 3.16 Malaria diagnostics usage 14.9 Percent 3.17 Antimalarial treatment of children under 5 the same or next day 0.0 Percent 3.18 6.8 Antimalarial treatment of children under age 5 0.0 Percent 3.19 Pregnant women sleeping under insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) 50.5 Percent 1 Brokopondo and Sipaliwini only Summary Table of Findings Suriname MICS4 v WATER AND SANITATION Water and sanitation 4.1 7.8 Use of improved drinking water sources 95.0 Percent 4.2 Water treatment 10.1 Percent 4.3 7.9 Use of improved sanitation facilities 80.2 Percent 4.4 Safe disposal of child's faeces 22.0 Percent 4.5 Place for handwashing 86.3 Percent 4.6 Availability of soap 96.2 Percent REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 5.3 5.3 Contraceptive prevalence rate 47.6 Percent 5.4 5.6 Unmet need 16.9 Percent Maternal and newborn health 5.5a 5.5b 5.5 Antenatal care coverage At least once by skilled personnel At least four times by any provider 94.9 66.8 Percent Percent 5.6 Content of antenatal care 92.3 Percent 5.7 5.2 Skilled attendant at delivery 92.7 Percent 5.8 Institutional deliveries 92.3 Percent 5.9 Caesarean section 19.0 Percent CHILD DEVELOPMENT Child development 6.1 Support for learning 72.9 Percent 6.2 Father's support for learning 25.9 Percent 6.3 Learning materials: children’s books 25.0 Percent 6.4 Learning materials: playthings 58.8 Percent 6.5 Inadequate care 7.1 Percent 6.6 Early child development index 70.9 Percent 6.7 Attendance to early childhood education 34.3 Percent EDUCATION Literacy and education 7.1 2.3 Literacy rate among young women 92.1 Percent 7.2 School readiness 75.8 Percent 7.3 Net intake rate in primary education 87.2 Percent 7.4 2.1 Primary school net attendance ratio (adjusted) 95.4 Percent 7.5 Secondary school net attendance ratio (adjusted) 59.4 Percent 7.6 2.2 Children reaching last grade of primary 95.8 Percent 7.7 Primary completion rate 88.2 Percent 7.8 Transition rate to secondary school 79.2 Percent 7.9 Gender parity index (primary school) 1.02 Percent 7.10 Gender parity index (secondary school) 1.24 Percent CHILD PROTECTION Birth registration 8.1 Birth registration 98.9 Percent Child labour 8.2 Child labor 9.6 Percent 8.3 School attendance among child laborers 94.2 Percent 8.4 Child labour among students 9.4 Percent Child discipline 8.5 Violent discipline 86.1 Percent Early marriage and Polygyny 8.6 Marriage before age 15 5.4 Percent 8.7 Marriage before age 18 23.0 Percent 8.8 Young women age 15‐19 currently married or in union 11.8 Percent 8.9 Polygyny 3.9 Percent 8.10a 8.10b Spousal age difference Women age 15‐19 Women age 20‐24 14.7 17.1 Percent Percent Domestic violence 8.14 Attitudes towards domestic violence 12.5 Percent HIV/AIDS, SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR, AND ORPHANED AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes 9.1 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV prevention 42.5 Percent 9.2 6.3 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV prevention among young people 41.9 Percent 9.3 Knowledge of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV 51.8 Percent 9.4 Accepting attitude towards people living with HIV 21.1 Percent 9.5 Women who know where to be tested for HIV 85.0 Percent 9.6 Women who have been tested for HIV and know the results 20.3 Percent 9.7 Sexually active young women who have been tested for HIV and know the results 33.4 Percent 9.8 HIV counseling during antenatal care 49.3 Percent 9.9 HIV testing during antenatal care 79.5 Percent Sexual behaviour 9.10 Young women who have never had sex 54.7 Percent 9.11 Sex before age 15 among young women 9.6 Percent Summary Table of Findings vi Suriname MICS4 9.12 Age‐mixing among sexual partners 15.0 Percent 9.13 Sex with multiple partners 2.5 Percent 9.14 Condom use during sex with multiple partners 37.2 Percent 9.15 Sex with non‐regular partners 58.8 Percent 9.16 6.2 Condom use with non‐regular partners 55.5 Percent Orphaned children 9.17 Children’s living arrangements 7.9 Percent 9.18 Prevalence of children with at least one parent dead 4.6 Percent 9.20 6.4 School attendance of non‐orphans 96.9 Percent ACCESS TO MASS MEDIA AND USE OF INFORMATION/COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY Access to Mass Media MT.1 Exposure to mass media 66.4 Percent Use of Information and Communication Technology MT.2 Use of computer in the past 12 months – persons 15‐24 years 59.8 Percent MT.3 Use of the internet in the past 12 months – persons 15‐24 years 48.5 Percent Table of Contents Suriname MICS4 vii Table of Contents Summary Table of Findings . iv Table of Contents . vii List of Tables . x List of Figures . xiii List of Abbreviations . xiv Foreword .xv Executive Summary . xvi 1.Introduction . 1 Background . 1 Survey Objectives . 3 2.Sample and Survey Methodology . 4 Sample Design . 4 Questionnaires . 5 Training and Fieldwork . 7 Data Processing . 7 3.Sample Coverage and the Characteristics of Households and Respondents . 8 Sample Coverage . 8 Characteristics of Households . 8 Characteristics of Female Respondents 15‐49 Years of Age and Children Under‐5 . 13 Children’s Living Arrangements and Orphans . 17 4.Nutrition . 20 Nutritional Status . 21 Breastfeeding and Infant and Young Child Feeding . 23 Low Birth Weight . 36 5.Child Health . 38 Immunization . 39 Neonatal Tetanus Protection . 42 Oral Rehydration Treatment . 44 Care Seeking and Antibiotic Treatment of Pneumonia . 52 Solid Fuel Use . 57 Malaria . 60 6.Water and Sanitation . 70 Table of Contents viii Suriname MICS4 Use of Improved Water Sources . 71 Use of Improved Sanitation Facilities . 80 Handwashing . 87 7.Reproductive Health . 94 Contraception . 95 Unmet Need . 99 Antenatal Care . 102 Assistance at Delivery . 106 Place of Delivery . 109 8.Child Development . 111 Early Childhood Education and Learning . 112 Early Childhood Development . 119 9.Literacy and Education . 121 Literacy among Young Women . 122 School Readiness . 122 Primary and Secondary School Participation . 125 10.Child Protection . 135 Birth Registration . 136 Child Labour . 136 Child Discipline . 137 Early Marriage and Polygyny . 143 Attitudes toward Domestic Violence . 150 11.HIV/AIDS and Sexual Behaviour . 152 Knowledge about HIV Transmission and Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS . 153 Accepting Attitudes toward People Living with HIV/AIDS . 160 Knowledge of a Place for HIV Testing, Counselling and Testing during Antenatal Care . 160 Sexual Behaviour Related to HIV Transmission . 165 12.Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology . 171 Access to Mass Media . 172 Use of Information/Communication Technology . 174 Appendix A. Sample Design . 178 Sample Size and Sample Allocation . 178 Sampling Frame and Sample Design . 179 Selection of Clusters . 179 Listing Activities . 180 Selection of Households . 181 Calculation of Sample Weights . 182 Appendix B. List of Personnel Involved in the Survey . 184 Table of Contents Suriname MICS4 ix MICS Technical Committee . 184 MICS Fieldwork Coordination: General Bureau of Statistics . 184 MICS Fieldworkers . 185 MICS Data Processing Coordination: Institute for Social Science Research . 186 Appendix C. Estimates of Sampling Errors . 187 Appendix D. Data Quality Tables . 205 Appendix E. Suriname MICS4 Indicators: Numerators and Denominators . 218 Appendix F. Questionnaires . 226 List of Tables x Suriname MICS4 List of Tables Table HH.1: Results of household, women's, and under‐5 interviews . 9 Table HH.2: Household age distribution by sex . 10 Table HH.3: Household composition . 12 Table HH.4: Women's background characteristics . 14 Table HH.5: Under‐5's background characteristics . 16 Table HH.6: Children's living arrangements and orphanhood . 18 Table NU.1: Nutritional status of children . 24 Table NU.2: Initial breastfeeding . 26 Table NU.3: Breastfeeding . 28 Table NU.4: Duration of breastfeeding . 31 Table NU.5: Age‐appropriate breastfeeding . 32 Table NU.6: Introduction of solid, semi‐solid or soft foods . 33 Table NU.7: Minimum meal frequency . 34 Table NU.8: Bottle feeding . 35 Table NU.9: Low birth weight infants. 37 Table CH.1: Vaccinations in first year of life . 40 Table CH.2: Vaccinations by background characteristics . 41 Table CH.3: Neonatal tetanus protection . 43 Table CH.4: Oral rehydration solutions and recommended homemade fluids . 47 Table CH.5: Feeding practices during diarrhoea . 49 Table CH.6: Oral rehydration therapy with continued feeding and other treatments . 51 Table CH.7: Care seeking for suspected pneumonia and antibiotic use during suspected pneumonia . 53 Table CH.8: Knowledge of the two danger signs of pneumonia . 55 Table CH.9: Solid fuel use . 58 Table CH.10: Solid fuel use by place of cooking . 60 Table CH.11: Household availability of insecticide treated nets and protection by a vector control method . 62 Table CH.12: Children sleeping under mosquito nets . 63 Table CH.13: Pregnant women sleeping under mosquito nets . 65 Table CH.14: Anti‐malarial treatment of children with anti‐malarial drugs . 67 Table CH.15: Malaria diagnostics usage . 69 Table WS.1: Use of improved water sources . 74 Table WS.2: Household water treatment . 76 Table WS.3: Time to source of drinking water . 79 Table WS.4: Person collecting water . 80 Table WS.5: Types of sanitation facilities . 82 Table WS.6: Use and sharing of sanitation facilities . 84 Table WS.7: Disposal of child's feces. 86 Table WS.8: Drinking water and sanitation ladders . 88 Table WS.9: Water and soap at place for handwashing . 90 Table WS.10: Availability of soap . 92 Table RH.1: Use of contraception . 97 Table RH.2: Unmet need for contraception . 101 Table RH.3: Antenatal care coverage . 103 Table RH.4: Number of antenatal care visits . 104 Table RH.5: Content of antenatal care . 105 Table RH.6: Assistance during delivery . 107 List of Tables Suriname MICS4 xi Table RH.7: Place of delivery . 110 Table CD.1: Early childhood education . 113 Table CD.2: Support for learning . 114 Table CD.3: Learning materials . 117 Table CD.4: Inadequate care . 118 Table CD.5: Early child development index . 120 Table ED.1: Literacy among young women . 123 Table ED.2: School readiness . 124 Table ED.3: Primary school entry . 126 Table ED.4: Primary school attendance . 127 Table ED.5: Secondary school attendance . 129 Table ED.6: Children reaching last grade of primary school . 132 Table ED.7: Primary school completion and transition to secondary school . 133 Table ED.8: Education gender parity . 134 Table CP.1: Birth registration . 138 Table CP.2: Child labour . 139 Table CP.3: Child labour and school attendance . 141 Table CP.4: Child discipline . 142 Table CP.5: Early marriage and Polygyny . 145 Table CP.6: Trends in early marriage . 147 Table CP.7: Spousal age difference . 148 Table CP.8: Attitudes toward domestic violence . 151 Table HA.1: Knowledge about HIV transmission, misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, and comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission . 155 Table HA.2: Knowledge about HIV transmission, misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, and comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission among young women . 157 Table HA.3: Knowledge of mother‐to‐child HIV transmission . 159 Table HA.4: Accepting attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS . 161 Table HA.5: Knowledge of a place for HIV testing . 162 Table HA.6: Knowledge of a place for HIV testing among sexually active young women . 163 Table HA.7: HIV counselling and testing during antenatal care . 164 Table HA.8: Sexual behaviour that increases the risk of HIV infection . 166 Table HA.9: Sex with multiple partners . 167 Table HA.10: Sex with multiple partners among young women . 168 Table HA.11: Sex with non‐regular partners . 170 Table MT.1: Exposure to mass media . 173 Table MT.2: Use of computers and internet . 175 176 Table MT.3: Cell phone ownership and use . 177 Table A1.1: Distribution of population and households by stratum and district, and MICS4 sample design and outcome . 179 Table A1.2: Stratification of the population in Suriname in 2004 by strata . 180 Table A1.3: Projections of the population by district . 181 Table A1.4: Weights to be applied to the household, women, and child data . 183 Table SE.1: Indicators selected for sampling error calculations . 188 Table SE.2: Sampling errors: Total sample . 190 Table SE.3: Sampling errors: Urban . 191 Table SE.4: Sampling errors: Rural coastal . 192 List of Tables xii Suriname MICS4 Table SE.5: Sampling errors: Rural interior . 193 Table SE.6: Sampling errors: Total rural . 194 Table SE.7: Sampling errors: Paramaribo . 195 Table SE.8: Sampling errors: Wanica . 196 Table SE.9: Sampling errors: Nickerie . 197 Table SE.10: Sampling errors: Coronie . 198 Table SE.11: Sampling errors: Saramacca . 199 Table SE.12: Sampling errors: Commewijne . 200 Table SE.13: Sampling errors: Marowijne . 201 Table SE.14: Sampling errors: Para . 202 Table SE.15: Sampling errors: Brokopondo . 203 Table SE.16: Sampling errors: Sipaliwini . 204 Table DQ.1: Age distribution of household population . 205 Table DQ.2: Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women . 206 Table DQ.3: Age distribution of under‐5s in household and under‐5 questionnaires . 207 Table DQ.4: Women's completion rates by socio‐economic characteristics of households . 208 Table DQ.5: Completion rates for under‐5 questionnaires by socio‐economic characteristics of households . 209 Table DQ.6: Completeness of reporting . 210 Table DQ.7: Completeness of information for anthropometric indicators. 211 Table DQ.8: Heaping in anthropometric measurements . 212 Table DQ.10: Observation of women's health cards . 213 Table DQ.11: Observation of under‐5s birth certificates . 214 Table DQ.12: Observation of vaccination cards . 215 Table DQ.13: Presence of mother in the household and the person interviewed for the under‐5 questionnaire . 215 Table DQ.14: Selection of children age 2‐14 years for the child discipline module . 216 Table DQ.15: School attendance by single age . 217 List of Tables Suriname MICS4 xiii List of Figures Figure HH.1: Age and sex distribution of household population, Suriname, 2010 . 11 Figure NU.1: Percentage of children under age 5 . 22 Figure NU.2: Percentage of mothers who started breastfeeding within one hour and within one day of birth, Suriname, 2010 . 27 Figure NU.3: Infant feeding patterns by age, Suriname 2010 . 29 Figure CH.1: Percentage of children aged 18‐29 months who received the recommended vaccinations at any time before the survey, Suriname, 2010. 42 Figure CH.2: Percentage of women with a live birth in the last 2 years who are protected against neonatal tetanus, Suriname, 2010 . 44 Figure CH.3: Percentage of children under age 5 with diarrhoea who received ORS or recommended home fluids, Suriname, 2010 . 45 Figure CH.4: Treatment of diarrhoea, Suriname, 2010. 46 Figure WS.1: Percent distribution of household members by source of drinking water Suriname, 2010 . 72 Figure HA.1: Percentage of women who have comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission, Suriname, 2010 . 154 Figure HA.2: Sexual behaviour that increases risk of HIV infection, Suriname, 2010 . 165 Figure MT.1: Cell phone use by purpose, Suriname, 2010 . 176 Figure DQ.1: Number of household population by single ages, Suriname, 2010 . 206 List of Abbreviations xiv Suriname MICS4 List of Abbreviations AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ANC Antenatal Care CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child CSPro Census and Survey Processing System DPT Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus ECDI Early Childhood Development Index EPI Expanded Programme on Immunization GBS General Bureau of Statistics GPI Gender Parity Index HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ITN Insecticide Treated Net IUD Intrauterine Device LAM Lactational Amenorrhea Method LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas MDG Millennium Development Goals MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MMR Mumps, Measles and Rubella MoH Ministry of Health NAR Net Attendance Rate ORS Oral Rehydration Salts ORT Oral Rehydration Treatment PLOS Ministry of Planning and Development Co‐operation RHF Recommended Home Fluid SOZAVO Ministry of Social Affairs and Housing SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections UNAIDS United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNDAP United Nations Development Plan UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNGASS United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund WFFC World Fit for Children WHO World Health Organization WSC World Summit for Children Foreword Suriname MICS4 xv Foreword With the support of United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the fourth round of the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS) commenced in 2010 in Suriname. This survey follows up on the MICS3 in Suriname, conducted in 2006 by the General Bureau of Statistics in collaboration with the Ministry of Social Affairs and Housing (SOZAVO) and the Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation (PLOS). The survey provides valuable information on the situation of children and women in Suriname, and is based to a great extent on the need to monitor progress towards goals and targets emanating from recent international agreements: the Millennium Declaration, adopted by all 191 United Nations Member States in September 2000, and the Plan of Action of A World Fit For Children, adopted by 189 Member States at the United Nations Special Session on Children in May 2002. Both of these commitments build upon promises made by the international community at the 1990 World Summit for Children. The MICS3 data were subsequently used for reporting on the progress towards Millennium Development Goals. In signing these international agreements, governments committed themselves to improve conditions for their children and to monitor progress towards that end. UNICEF was assigned a supporting role in this task. The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) facilitates the collection, preparation and analysis of national data that constitute an in‐depth and up‐to‐date set of statistics on the well‐being of children in Suriname. The data can be used as an input for national planning and exercise that permit efforts to monitor and evaluate the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. This report is the third MICS report for Suriname based on the fourth round of MICS. The first Suriname MICS report was based on data collected in 2000 while the second was based on data collected in 2006. This third report of the MICS has been informed by the fourth round of MICS which was executed in 2010. The Ministry of Social Affairs and Housing wishes to acknowledge all contributed towards the Finalization of the Suriname MICS4 Report. Sincerest appreciation goes also to key stakeholders, in particular, those involved in conducting the survey, preparing this report and publishing the results; from the fieldworkers to the members of the MICS Technical Steering Committee, UNICEF Suriname Country Office, UNICEF Regional Office and UNICEF Headquarters. October 2012, The Minister of Social affairs and Housing Drs. Alice Amafo, MSC Executive Summary xvi Suriname MICS4 Executive Summary The Suriname Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) which was carried out as part of the fourth round of the global MICS household survey programme with the technical and financial support from UNICEF. MICS is a nationally representative sample survey of women aged 15‐49 and children under age five of 7,407 responding households out of a total of 9,356 sampled households. The main purpose of MICS 2010 is to support the government of Suriname to generate statistically sound and comparable data for monitoring the situation of children and women in the country. MICS 4 covers topics related to nutrition, child health, water and sanitation, reproductive health, child development, literary and education, child protection, HIV and AIDS, mass media and the use of information and communication technology and attitude towards domestic violence. The results of this MICS reveal interesting similarities and differences between the rural interior area that is the principal spatial domain of the maroons and indigenous peoples of Suriname, and the urban and rural coastal areas. More favourable outcomes are evident for indicators when reference is made to urban spaces as opposed to the rural coastal area or the rural interior. Nutrition In MICS, weights and heights of all children under 5 years of age were measured using anthropometric equipment recommended by UNICEF (www.childinfo.org). Findings are based on the results of these measurements. Almost 6 percent of children under age five are moderately or severely underweight (5.8 percent) and 1.3 percent are classified as severely underweight. Just under one tenth of children (9%) are moderately or severely stunted or too short for their age and 5 percent are moderately or severely wasted or too thin for their height. A higher prevalence of being overweight appears to be consistent with children whose mothers have higher levels of educational attainment. Whether underweight, stunted, wasted or overweight, the data point to higher prevalence rates among boys when compared to girls. 45 percent of mothers are estimated to have initiated breastfeeding of their infants within the first hour of birth while two in the three (64%) initiated such feeding within the first day. Whether within one day or one hour, greater proportions of mothers from rural districts are observed to have initiated breastfeeding within such time spans subsequent to their infants’ births when compared to corresponding proportions in urban areas. Just 3 percent of children aged less than six months are exclusively breastfed, a level considerably lower than recommended. Girls were more likely to be exclusively breastfed than boys. For children under 2 years, more than a half of the children 8‐9 months or in older age groups are no longer breastfed. Child health About 83 percent of children age 18‐29 months received three doses of the polio vaccine at any time before the survey. As much as 91 percent had received at least a first dose of the polio vaccine. HepB at birth shows a prevalence of 39 percent of children age 18‐29 months vaccinated at any time before the survey. In rural communities, 64 percent of these children were immunized for Yellow Fever before their first birthday or at some point prior to the survey. With respect to the vaccine against measles (MMR), MICS4 data indicate that approximately 78 percent of children age18‐29 months were estimated to have received the measles (MMR) vaccine. Overall, approximately 10 percent of under five children had diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey. Diarrhoea prevalence rates were highest in Sipaliwini (13%), Brokopondo (13%) and Wanica (11%) and lowest in Saramacca (6%). Similar rates ranging between 8 percent and 10 percent were observed in Executive Summary Suriname MICS4 xvii the remaining districts. 72 percent of the children who were reported as having diarrhoea received oral rehydration treatment. Children from rural districts appear more likely to have received oral rehydration treatment when compared to children from urban areas. Two percent of children aged 0‐59 months were reported to have had symptoms of pneumonia during the two weeks preceding the survey. Of these children, almost 76 percent were taken to an appropriate provider. Just over a half of the children (51%) of the children with suspected pneumonia were cared for in a public sector government health centre. The vast majority of children were cared for in government health centres in both urban and rural areas. For Malaria the survey results relate specifically to the rural interior districts, namely Brokopondo and Sipaliwini. Almost 61 percent of households have at least one insecticide treated net and/or received indoor residual spraying in the last 12 months preceding the survey. 54 percent of children under the age of five slept under any mosquito net the night prior to the survey and 43 percent slept under an insecticide treated net. For pregnant women, 65% of them slept under any mosquito net the night prior to the survey with a notably lower percentage indicating that they slept under an insecticide treated net. Water and sanitation Overall, 95 percent of the population is using an improved source of drinking water (99 percent in urban areas and 85 percent in rural areas). Compared to the other districts where there are negligible differences in the proportion of population with improved source of drinking water, markedly lower proportions are observed in Sipaliwini (64%). Ninety‐one percent of the population of Suriname are living in households using improved sanitation facilities. This percentage is 98 in urban areas and 71 percent in rural areas. For rural coastal and the rural interior, the respective percentages are 93 and 42. Faeces of a little more than one fifth of all children 0‐2 years, is disposed of safely (22%). This is alarming especially since the disposal of faeces is safe for less than one third of every sub‐population of children 0‐2 years. A specific place for handwashing was observed in approximately 74 percent of the households while 11 percent of all households could not indicate a specific place where household members usually wash their hands and 10 percent of the households did not give any permission to see the place used for handwashing. Of those households where place for handwashing was observed, nearly 9 in every 10 (86%) had both water and soap present at the designated place. Reproductive Health Current use of contraception was reported by 48 percent of women currently married or in union. The most popular method is the pill which is used by one in four married women in Suriname. The next most popular method is female sterilization, which accounts for 11 percent of married women. Variable proportions ranging between two and five percent of women reported use of the Intra‐uterine devices (IUD), injectables, and the condom. Less than one percent use periodic abstinence, withdrawal, male sterilization, vaginal methods, or the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM). Contraceptive prevalence is highest in Commewijne at approximately 59%. Though lower than in Commewijne, similar magnitudes of contraceptive prevalence are observed in Wanica (52%), Nickerie (54%) and Saramacca (54%). Total unmet need for contraception is highest in the rural interior amounting to 33 percent. Total met need for contraception is highest in rural coastal areas amounting to 51 percent. It is worth noting that Sipaliwini (43%), Brokopondo (43%) and Marowijne (60%) have the lowest percentage of demand for contraception satisfied. Executive Summary xviii Suriname MICS4 The vast majority of women obtained antenatal care from a doctor, nurse/midwife or a community health worker, the respective proportions being 71 percent, 19 percent and 4 percent. 3 percent received no antenatal care whatsoever. In the rural interior, relatively smaller proportions of women obtained care from doctors and relatively larger proportions obtained care from community health workers than are observed to be the case in any of the other districts. With respect to women giving birth in the year prior to the MICS survey, as much as 54 percent claimed to have had such deliveries with assistance from a nurse/midwife while 36 percent claimed to have had such assistance from doctors. In the rural interior, relatively small proportions of women claimed to have had births that were delivered by a doctor and relatively larger proportions claimed to have had births that were delivered by community health workers when compared to corresponding estimates in any of the other districts. 92 percent of women 15‐49 with births in the two years preceding the survey delivered their babies in a health facility; 72 percent of women delivered in public sector facilities and 20.8 percent in private sector facilities. Only 4 percent of women delivered at home. Child Development Around three quarter s (76 percent) of children aged 36‐59 months was attending pre‐school at the time of the survey. Urban‐rural and district differentials are substantial – the figure is as high as 44 percent in urban areas, compared to 19 percent in rural areas. For approximately 73 percent of children 36‐59 months, an adult has been engaged in four or more activities that promote learning and school readiness during the 3 days preceding the survey. For a little more than a quarter (25.9%) of the children 36‐59 months, fathers have been involved with one or more activities. A relatively high proportion of children 36‐ 59 months have not been living with their natural fathers, this proportion being in the vicinity of 39 percent. Leaving children alone or in the presence of other young children is known to increase the risk of accidents. In Suriname, 3 percent of children aged 0‐59 months were left in the care of other children, while 6 percent were left alone during the week preceding the interview. Combining the two care indicators, it is calculated that 7 percent of children were left with inadequate care during the week preceding the survey. The Early Child Development Index (ECDI) represents the percentage of children who are developmentally on track in at least three of four domains (literacy‐numeracy, physical socio‐emotional and learning. 71 percent of children aged 36‐59 months were developmentally on track with the ECDI being lower among boys (63 percent) than girls (72 percent). Education and literacy 92 percent of women 15‐24 years in the survey were literate. Literacy rates in urban areas are higher than those in rural areas being 96 percent and 80 percent respectively. Overall, 76 percent of children attending the first grade of primary school were attending pre‐school the previous year. Of children who are of primary school entry age (age 6) in Suriname, 87 percent are attending the first grade of primary school. The majority of children of primary school age are attending school (95%). The primary school age children of the poorest households are estimated to have the lowest school attendance rates (92%) when compared to children in each of the other wealth status groups. Only 79 percent of the children that completed successfully the last grade of primary school were found at the moment the survey to be attending the first grade of secondary school. Executive Summary Suriname MICS4 xix The gender parity index for primary school is close to 1.00, indicating that there is no difference in the attendance of girls and boys to primary school. With respect to the secondary level, the gender parity index is 1.24 and indicative of higher school attendance at the secondary level among girls than among boys. Child Protection Births of 99 percent of children under five years have been registered and there does not appear to be any major variations in birth registration across sex, age, or education categories. At least 10 percent of children 5‐14 years are engaged in child labour in Suriname. While there are no observed differences across the sexes, there are noteworthy variations across the districts and urban/rural domains of Suriname. In districts such as Sipaliwini, Brokopondo, Para and Marowijne, the prevalence of child labour is observed to be at least equal to or greater than the national estimate of 10 percent. In the remaining districts, the prevalence of child labour is estimated to be lower than the national estimate. 86 percent of children aged 2‐14 years were subjected to at least one form of psychological or physical punishment by their mothers/caretakers or other household members. 12 percent of children were subjected to severe physical punishment. 13 percent of mothers/caretakers believed that children should be physically punished. Almost 6 percent of women 20‐49 years have been married before their 15th birthday and 23 percent before their 18th birthday. The respective proportions are greatest in Sipaliwini (20% and 50%) and Brokopondo (11% and 45%) and in the rural interior (19% and 48%). With respect to spousal age difference, 15 percent of women 15‐19 years are estimated to be married or in union with a man who is at least 10 years older. Overall, 13 percent of the women 15‐49 years believe a husband is justified in beating his wife/partner for any of the reasons mentioned in the MICS study. With respect to the belief that a husband is justified in beating his wife/partner, this was mostly prevalent among women from Sipaliwini (27%) and Brokopondo (30%). In Suriname, as much as 56 percent of children 0‐17 years lived with both parents while 29 percent lived with their mothers only despite the fact that their fathers were alive. Another 6 percent consisted of children who lived with neither parent although both were alive. HIV and AIDS 98 percent of interviewed women 15‐49 years have heard of AIDS. However, the percentage that know of two ways of preventing HIV transmission is 71 percent. Overall, 43 percent of women were found to have comprehensive knowledge of HIV prevention, which was markedly higher in urban areas (47%) than in rural coastal areas (37%), the rural interior (20%) and by extension rural areas (30%). While as much as 93 percent of women know that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child, the percentage of women who know all three ways of mother‐to‐child transmission is 52 percent. Among women 15‐49 years, as much as 85 percent know a place where they can be tested for HIV, while 55 percent have actually been tested. A smaller proportion equivalent to 21 percent have been tested in the past 12 months and only 20 percent of those tested in the past 12 months have been told the result. Among women 15‐49 years who had given birth within the two years preceding the survey, 91 percent received antenatal care from a health care professional for their last pregnancy with just under a half (49%) receiving HIV counselling while receiving antenatal care. During antenatal care, 82 percent were offered a HIV test and tested for HIV. From the latter set of women, 80 percent had also received the results of their test. Executive Summary xx Suriname MICS4 55 percent of never married women 15‐24 years never had sex. In the rural coastal areas, a notably larger proportion estimated to be 63 percent never had sex while in the rural interior the proportion is estimated to be substantially lower being in the vicinity of 29 percent. The MICS4 data for Suriname also show that 10 percent of women 15‐24 years had sex before their 15th birthday. 15 percent of women 15‐24 years who had sex in the last 12 months, had such an experience with a man who was at least 10 years older. Fifty‐nine percent of women 15‐24 years report having sex with a non‐regular partner in the 12 months prior to the MICS with only 56 percent of such women claimed to have used a condom when they had such an experience. Access to Mass Media and use of Information/communication technology At least once a week, 77 percent of women in Suriname read a newspaper, 84 percent listen to the radio and 90 percent watch television. Overall, 2 percent do not have regular exposure to any of the three media, while 66 percent are exposed to all the three types of media at least on a weekly basis. Moreover, 72 percent have used a computer, 60 percent used a computer during the last year and 46 percent used at least once a week during the last month. Overall, 57 percent of women age 15‐24 have ever used the internet, while 49 percent have surfed the internet during the last year. Almost 4 in every 5 (79 percent) claimed to have had a cellular phone that worked. Smaller percentages indicated that they use their phones to make or receive call (69 percent), to send text messages (58%), to receive text messages (60 percent) and to access the internet (9%). Introduction Suriname MICS4 1 1. Introduction Background The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is an international household survey programme developed by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) to assist countries in filling data gaps for monitoring human development in general and the situation of children and women in particular. MICS data are critical when there is lack of continuous and updated disaggregated national data on specific groups and districts to support evidence‐based planning. The survey is based, in large part, on the needs to monitor progress towards goals and targets emanating from international agreements: The Millennium Declaration, adopted by all 191 United Nations Member States in September 2000, and the Plan of Action of A World Fit For Children, adopted by 189 Member States at the United Nations Special Session on Children in May 2002. Both of these commitments build upon promises made by the international community at the 1990 World Summit for Children. MICS was originally developed in response to the 1990 World Summit for Children (WSC) to collect statistically sound, internationally comparable estimates of key indicators used to assess the situation of children and women in the areas of health, education, child protection, and HIV/AIDS. MICS indicators enable the monitoring and the measurement of progress towards national goals and global commitments aimed at promoting the welfare of children, including among others, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The first round of MICS was conducted around 1995 in more than 60 countries. The second round of MICS was conducted in 2000 followed by the third round in 2006 contributing to an increasing wealth of data to monitor the situation of children and women. As part of the global effort to increase the availability of high quality data, UNICEF launched the 4th round of MICS (MICS4) in 2009, with results available from 2010 onwards. The increased frequency of MICS rounds helps countries to capture rapid changes in key indicators as the MDG target year 2015 approaches and aims to expand the evidence‐base for policies and programs. Since the inception of MICS, two survey rounds have been carried out in Suriname: In 2000 (MICS2) and 2006 (MICS3). This report is based on the fourth round of MICS that was conducted in 2010 by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Housing, General Bureau of Statistics (GBS), and the Institute for Social Research (IMWO) of the University of Suriname. The MICS of 2006 enabled Suriname to present data on the different goals and objectives that were set in the international and regional action plans. The Situation Assessment and Analysis of Children in Suriname (SITAN 2010)2 which is an analysis of achievements in the fulfilment of children’s rights in Suriname against the guiding framework of the MDGs and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is a clear example of the use of the MICS survey data. In accordance with international agreements, governments committed themselves to improving conditions for their children and to monitoring progress towards that end. UNICEF was assigned a supporting role in this task (see box below). 2 See: Situation Assessment and Analysis of Children's Rights in Suriname 2010 http://undpsuriname.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135:situation‐assessment‐and‐analysis‐ of‐childrens‐rights‐in‐suriname‐2010 Introduction 2 Suriname MICS4 A Commitment to Action: National and International Reporting Responsibilities The governments that signed the Millennium Declaration and the World Fit for Children Declaration and Plan of Action also committed themselves to monitoring progress towards the goals and objectives they achieved: “We will monitor regularly at the national level and, where appropriate, at the regional level and assess progress towards the goals and targets of the present Plan of Action at the national, regional and global levels. Accordingly, we will strengthen our national statistical capacity to collect, analyse and disaggregate data, including by sex, age and other relevant factors that may lead to disparities, and support a wide range of child‐focused research. We will enhance international cooperation to support statistical capacity‐building efforts and build community capacity for monitoring, assessment and planning.” (A World Fit for Children, paragraph 60) “…We will conduct periodic reviews at the national and subnational levels of progress in order to address obstacles more effectively and accelerate actions.…” (A World Fit for Children, paragraph 61) The Plan of Action (paragraph 61) also calls for the specific involvement of UNICEF in the preparation of periodic progress reports: “… As the world’s lead agency for children, the United Nations Children’s Fund is requested to continue to prepare and disseminate, in close collaboration with Governments, relevant funds, programmes and the specialized agencies of the United Nations system, and all other relevant actors, as appropriate, information on the progress made in the implementation of the Declaration and the Plan of Action.” Similarly, the Millennium Declaration (paragraph 31) calls for periodic reporting on progress: “…We request the General Assembly to review on a regular basis the progress made in implementing the provisions of this Declaration, and ask the Secretary‐General to issue periodic reports for consideration by the General Assembly and as a basis for further action.” Since its commitments to the implementation of the CRC in 1993, the Government of the Republic of Suriname has planned, executed, and evaluated programs to set and improve the basic conditions for the implementation of the CRC. In this regard, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child was informed through the Initial Report for the period 1995‐2000 and the Second Country Report, which was presented in 2007. The recommendations of the UN for 2000 and 2007 are interpreted into a feasible and realistic Child Action Plan for the period 2009‐2013. The combined third and fourth country progress report on the implementation of the CRC will soon be submitted to the Board of Ministers for approval. To this extent, a permanent monitoring mechanism for the Action Plan for Children will be installed. The MICS 2010 will provide useful input for this monitoring mechanism. The MICS allows not only generation of disaggregated data merely for international reporting, but is one of the key data sets used by governments, UNICEF, other UN agencies, and stakeholders to monitor the achievement of the rights of children and women as defined in the CRC and the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Therefore, the findings of the MICS4 survey will enable the government of Suriname to prepare and evaluate national progress towards goals set in the Millennium Declaration and monitor goals set in national policies such as the Development Plan 2012‐2016 and the United Nations Development Action Plan 2012‐2016 (UNDAP). As agreed in the UNDAP, the United Nations in Suriname will support the Government of Suriname in its goal to strengthen its statistical and information systems and its capacity to analyse and interpret the data for policy formulation and dissemination. The Government has prioritized the 'optimal use of technical, as well as financial assistance, through coherent planning and close monitoring'. Data collection, analysis, information systems, and effective dissemination are needed to inform and monitor evidence‐based policies, legislative initiatives, and programming. In order to monitor the situation of children, efforts are being made to strengthen the monitoring and evaluation capacity at various levels of implementation. The Introduction Suriname MICS4 3 MICS 2006 data have been entered in the DEVINFO based data storage system: SURINFO. DEVINFO is a harmonized system to store, organize, and disseminate disaggregated data to serve as a monitoring tool. SURINFO will be updated with MICS 2010 data and data from other national sources. The General Bureau of Statistics of Suriname is leading the process to make SURINFO accessible for policymakers and line ministers for evidence based policy formulation and evaluation of programs. This final report presents the results of the indicators and topics covered in the survey. Survey Objectives The 2010 Suriname Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey has as its primary objectives: To provide up‐to‐date information for assessing the situation of children and women in Suriname; To furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established in the Millennium Declaration and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action; To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in Suriname and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems. To generate data on the situation of children and women, including the identification of vulnerable groups and of disparities, to inform policies and interventions. Sample and Survey Methodology 4 Suriname MICS4 2. Sample and Survey Methodology Sample Design The sample for the Suriname MICS was designed to provide estimates for a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, for urban, rural coastal and rural interior areas, and representative for different country levels. Suriname is located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered in the north by the Atlantic Ocean, in the south by Brazil, in the east by French Guyana and in the west by Guyana. Topographically there is a subdivision of the country in the coastal lowlands, the savannah and the highlands in the south with its tropical rainforest. Approximately 90% of the population, estimated at 493,000 during the Seventh Population and Housing Census in 2004, lives in the coastal lowland bordering the Atlantic Ocean. The population density of 3.0 per square kilometre (km2) is among the lowest in South America. The population density in the coastal area is 17.2/km2, while in the highlands it is approximately 2.9/km2. The country is divided into ten districts: Paramaribo, Wanica, Nickerie, Coronie, Saramacca, Commewijne, Marowijne, Para, Brokopondo, and Sipaliwini and 62 ‘sub‐districts’ by law. The ‘sub‐districts’ are sub‐ divisions at the district level. For purposes of conducting the fieldwork during the Seventh Population and Housing Census in 2004, the General Bureau of Statistics sub‐divided each sub‐district in the coastal area (lowland and savannah) into enumeration ‘blocks’. An enumeration ‘block’ is considered to be a manageable workload for a census enumerator for the fieldwork period of two weeks and would ideally have between 100 and 150 households. In the interior, a somewhat different fieldwork approach was used due to the geographical spread of villages to the extent that teams consisting of 5‐7 fieldworkers canvassed clusters of villages. These clusters are enumeration areas and were expected to have approximately 500 households, or the workload of 5 enumerators. The MICS 2010 sample was selected based on the sample frame from the 2004 census. Based up on this sample, GBS conducted a specific listing exercise in the field, in order to result in the final MICS clusters for fieldwork. In the ten districts of Suriname, three settlement types form the basis for the establishment of strata that ought to reflect geographical spaces that are more likely to be internally homogeneous when found within the same settlement type but and different when found in different settlement types. According to settlement types, three strata can be distinguished across the ten districts of Suriname: An urban stratum. A rural stratum in the coastal area. A rural stratum in the interior. Urban areas include Paramaribo, Wanica, Nickerie (Nw. Nickerie), and Commewijne (Meerzorg and Tamanredjo). Rural Interior areas include Brokopondo and Sipaliwini while rural Coastal areas include the remainder of Nickerie, the remainder of Commewijne, Coronie, Saramacca, Para, and Marowijne. The three strata or classes were identified as the main sampling domains and the sample was selected in two stages meaning that a sample of enumeration blocks were selected in a first stage of selection in each of the three strata systematically with probability proportion to size. This was followed by a second stage of selection in which a sample of clusters was selected within the enumeration blocks selected in the first stage. In accordance with the MICS4 guidelines3, clusters consisted of between 20 and 30 households. The 3 See www.childinfo.org/mics4_manual.html for the MICS4 Manual. Sample and Survey Methodology Suriname MICS4 5 actual sample selection in the selected clusters was done as follows. In urban and rural coastal areas, where enumeration districts (EDs) usually contain about 150 households, one pointer address (PA) was selected at random within the ED. If it was not the address of a private household, the next address was taken as the starting point. Twenty adjacent addresses (1 to 20) were then selected around this PA, and a printed map provided to each team, showing the location of each address. In rural areas the enumeration areas might consist of either one village or several smaller villages combined. Where a village was very isolated, it was treated as one enumeration area, even though sometimes it did not contain many households.Prior to the start of the MICS4 fieldwork, cartography personnel of the GBS undertook fieldwork activities in order to establish as much as possible (with the exception of the interior stratum) the landmarks and the boundaries of each selected MICS‐cluster. This was required to facilitate the interview teams in the field with maps and clearly defined boundaries. The interview teams received during the fieldwork the instructions to gather information on each household encountered within the boundaries of designated MICS‐clusters. For the Interior stratum where it is relatively difficult to geographically divide each enumeration block into clusters of households, names of heads of households were used to select households that were sampled. The sample is not self‐weighting meaning that the sampling rate for households in districts such as Sipaliwini and Brokopondo were higher than those in other districts. In reporting national level results, sample weights are used. A more detailed description of the sample design can be found in Appendix A. Questionnaires MICS questionnaires are designed in a modular fashion that can be easily customized to the needs of a country. Three sets of questionnaires were used in the survey: 1) a household questionnaire which was used to collect information on all de jure household members (usual residents), the household, and the dwelling; 2) a women’s questionnaire administered in each household to all women aged 15‐49 years; and 3) an under‐5 questionnaire, administered to mothers or caretakers for all children under 5 living in the household. The Standard MICS Questionnaires4 were revised, adapted, and customized to country specific conditions and translated into Dutch. The pre‐test of these modified questionnaires was done in June 2010. Based on the results of the pre‐test the Questionnaires were finalized for the actual fieldwork ensuring that the customized and translated questionnaires were comparable to standard MICS questionnaires. A copy of the Suriname MICS questionnaires is provided in the Appendix. The Household Questionnaire included the following modules: Household Listing Form Education Water and Sanitation Household Characteristics Insecticide Treated Nets (in Brokopondo and Sipaliwini only) Indoor Residual Spraying (in Brokopondo and Sipaliwini only) Child Labour Child Discipline Handwashing 4 See www.childinfo.org/mics4_questionnaire.html for the standard MICS4 Questionnaires. Sample and Survey Methodology 6 Suriname MICS4 The Questionnaire for Individual Women was administered to all women aged 15‐49 years living in the households, and included the following modules: Woman’s Background Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology Desire For Last Birth Illness Symptoms Maternal and Newborn Health Illness Symptoms Contraception Unmet Need Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence Marriage/Union Sexual Behaviour HIV/AIDS The Questionnaire for Children Under Five was administered to mothers or caretakers of children under 5 years of age5 living in the households. Normally, the questionnaire was administered to mothers of children under‐5, while in cases when the mother was not listed in the household roster, a primary caretaker for the child was identified and interviewed. The questionnaire included the following modules: Age Birth Registration Early Childhood Development Breastfeeding Care of Illness Malaria (in Brokopondo and Sipaliwini only) Immunization (Yellow Fever in Brokopondo and Sipaliwini only) Anthropometry In addition to the administration of questionnaires, fieldwork teams observed the place for handwashing and measured the weights and heights of children age under 5 years. Details and findings of these measurements are provided in the respective sections of the report. The questionnaires included very few non‐standard MICS questions, such as on women’s ownership and use of cell phones, as well as a further question to mothers of children under 5 whose child’s birth had not been registered. It should be noted that the Malaria related modules and questions were only administered in Brokopondo and Sipaliwini. The same approach was used on vaccination against Yellow Fever. 5 The terms “children under 5”, “children age 0‐4 years”, and “children aged 0‐59 months” are used interchangeably in this report. Sample and Survey Methodology Suriname MICS4 7 Training and Fieldwork Training for the fieldwork was conducted for 11 days in July 2010. Training included lectures on interviewing techniques, the contents of the questionnaires, and mock interviews between trainees to gain practice in asking questions. Towards the end of the training period, trainees spent part of the second week practicing interviewing skills. The data were collected by 12 teams; eight consisting of six persons (1 supervisor, 1 editor and 4 interviewers) and four consisting of five persons (1 supervisor, 1 editor and 3 interviewers). Fieldwork began in July 2010 and concluded in September 2010. For the anthropometry module, the supervisor was responsible for the measurements. This constitutes a deviation from the recommended MICS4 guidelines which require the existence of a separate dedicated measurer in each team to enhance the quality of the anthropometric data collected in the field. Data Processing Data were entered using the CSPro software. The data were entered on 6 microcomputers and carried out by 15 data entry operators on a shift system basis and one data entry supervisor. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS4 programme and adapted to the Suriname questionnaire were used throughout. Data processing began simultaneously with data collection in July 2010 and was completed early January 2011. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software program and the model tabulation syntax developed by UNICEF facilitated the generation of the estimates. Sample Coverage and the Characteristics of Households and Respondents 8 Suriname MICS4 3. Sample Coverage and the Characteristics of Households and Respondents Sample Coverage Of the 9,356 households selected for the sample, 8,532 were found to be occupied. Successful interviews were conducted in 7,407 of the 8,532 occupied households resulting in a household response rate of 86.8 percent. In the interviewed households, 7,237 women (age 15‐49) were identified. Of these, 6,290 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 86.9 percent. In addition, 3,462 children under age five were listed in the household questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed for 3,308 of these children, which corresponds to a response rate of 95.6 percent. Overall response rates of 75.5 and 83.0 are calculated for the women’s and under‐5’s interviews respectively (Table HH.1, page 9) In the rural interior, virtually all of the sampled households were occupied (99.3%) with respective proportions of 99.8 percent and 99.2 percent in Brokopondo and Sipaliwini. The proportions of sampled households that were occupied were lowest in Wanica (86.3%) and Coronie (86.5%). Household response rates are expressed as the percentage of occupied households in which interviews were successfully conducted and were highest in Sipaliwini (93.8%) and Brokopondo (90.5%) being lowest in Coronie (76.2%). In the remaining districts, household response rates ranged between 83.4 percent in Commewijne and 89.7 percent in Nickerie. While there is not much difference between the household response rates between urban communities and those in rural coastal areas being 84.4 percent and 85.6 percent respectively, markedly higher household response rates are evident in the rural interior (93.0%). A wide variety of issues contributed to the low response rates recorded countrywide at household level among which absent household members was the dominant. This will inform future surveys. Please also note that the actual number of interviewed households, individual women, and children under five for Coronie is so low that only few results could be produced for the district. Unfortunately the sample design did not include oversampling of district with low population. This should be addressed in future sample designs in Suriname, as not only Coronie was affected by a low absolute sample. Characteristics of Households The age and sex distribution of the survey population is provided in Table HH.2 (page 10). The distribution is also used to produce the population pyramid in Figure HH.1 (page 11). In the 7,407 households successfully interviewed in the survey, 28,421 household members were listed. Of these, 14,021 were males, and 14,398 were females. Using data from the 2004 Population and Housing Census in Suriname, the population size was disaggregated by age and sex in accordance with the following age group categories: 0‐14 years, 15‐64 years and 65 years or older. Males in the respective age groups constitute 15.0 percent, 31.7 percent and 2.8 percent. Corresponding figures for females are 14.8 percent, 31.8 percent and 3.2 percent. A similar age sex distribution is generated using the data from the 2010 Suriname MICS and reveal that males 0‐14 years, 15‐64 years and 65 years or older constitute 15.6 percent, 30 percent and 2.9 percent of the total population with corresponding estimates for the female population being 14.3 percent, 32.3 percent and 3.7 percent (calculations not shown). Despite the time lapse between the national census in 2004 and the 2010 MICS, the age‐sex distribution of the population reflected in the context of the 2010 MICS seem consistent with population dynamics associated with expected temporal changes in components that facilitate changes in population sizes. Whether in the context of the 2004 Population and Housing Census or the 2010 MICS, less than 1 percent of the total population constituted males or females for whom age was not known. As such, the low proportion of missing information is not expected to seriously threaten the quality of observations pertaining to age and sex based on the 2010 MICS. Sa m pl e C ov er ag e a nd th e C ha ra ct er ist ic s o f H ou se ho ld s a nd Re sp on de nt s Su rin am e M IC S4 9 Ta bl e H H .1 : R es ul ts o f h ou se ho ld , w om en 's , a nd u nd er -5 in te rv ie w s N um be r o f h ou se ho ld s, w om en , a nd c hi ld re n un de r 5 b y re su lts o f t he h ou se ho ld , w om en 's , a nd u nd er -5 's in te rv ie w s, a nd h ou se ho ld , w om en 's , a nd u nd er -5 's re sp on se ra te s, S ur in am e, 2 01 0 A re a D is tr ic t To ta l U rb an R ur al P ar am ar ib o W an ic a N ic ke rie C or on ie S ar am ac ca C om m ew ijn e M ar ow ijn e P ar a B ro ko po nd o S ip al iw in i R ur al C oa st al R ur al In te rio r To ta l R ur al H ou se ho ld s S am pl ed 4, 24 3 3 ,0 95 2 ,0 18 5, 11 3 2 ,9 05 1 ,0 13 9 77 1 41 6 08 5 52 5 65 5 77 4 84 1 ,5 34 9, 35 6 O cc up ie d 3, 76 3 2 ,7 65 2 ,0 04 4, 76 9 2 ,6 12 8 74 8 80 1 22 5 29 5 01 5 19 4 91 4 83 1 ,5 21 8, 53 2 In te rv ie w ed 3, 17 6 2 ,3 67 1 ,8 64 4, 23 1 2 ,1 84 7 57 7 89 9 3 4 45 4 18 4 46 4 11 4 37 1 ,4 27 7, 40 7 H ou se ho ld re sp on se ra te 8 4. 4 8 5. 6 9 3. 0 8 8. 7 8 3. 6 8 6. 6 8 9. 7 7 6. 2 8 4. 1 8 3. 4 8 5. 9 83 .7 9 0. 5 9 3. 8 8 6. 8 W om en E lig ib le 3, 28 2 2 ,3 29 1 ,6 26 3, 95 5 2 ,1 97 8 56 7 60 6 4 4 20 4 04 4 85 4 25 3 87 1 ,2 39 7, 23 7 In te rv ie w ed 2, 78 8 2 ,0 36 1 ,4 66 3, 50 2 1 ,8 36 7 49 6 69 5 8 3 75 3 52 4 25 3 60 3 31 1 ,1 35 6, 29 0 W om en 's re sp on se ra te 8 4. 9 8 7. 4 9 0. 2 8 8. 5 8 3. 6 8 7. 5 8 8. 0 9 0. 6 8 9. 3 8 7. 1 8 7. 6 84 .7 8 5. 5 9 1. 6 8 6. 9 W om en 's o ve ra ll re sp on se ra te 7 1. 7 7 4. 8 8 3. 9 7 8. 6 6 9. 9 7 5. 8 7 8. 9 6 9. 1 7 5. 1 7 2. 7 7 5. 3 70 .9 7 7. 4 8 5. 9 7 5. 5 C hi ld re n un de r 5 E lig ib le 1, 05 3 9 76 1 ,4 33 2, 40 9 6 76 3 13 2 30 2 3 1 46 1 25 3 33 1 83 3 55 1 ,0 78 3, 46 2 M ot he rs /c ar et ak er s in te rv ie w ed 9 93 9 32 1 ,3 83 2, 31 5 6 34 2 95 2 23 2 2 1 40 1 19 3 18 1 74 3 33 1 ,0 50 3, 30 8 U nd er -5 's re sp on se ra te 9 4. 3 9 5. 5 9 6. 5 9 6. 1 9 3. 8 9 4. 2 9 7. 0 9 5. 7 9 5. 9 9 5. 2 9 5. 5 95 .1 9 3. 8 9 7. 4 9 5. 6 U nd er -5 's o ve ra ll re sp on se ra te 7 9. 6 8 1. 7 8 9. 8 8 5. 3 7 8. 4 8 1. 6 8 6. 9 7 2. 9 8 0. 7 7 9. 4 8 2. 1 79 .6 8 4. 9 9 1. 4 8 3. 0 Sample Coverage and the Characteristics of Households and Respondents 10 Suriname MICS4 Table HH.2: Household age distribution by sex Percent and frequency distribution of the household population by five-year age groups, dependency age groups, and by child (age 0-17 years) and adult populations (age 18 or more), by sex, Suriname, 2010 Males Females Missing Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Age 0-4 1,458 10.4 1,450 10.1 1 40.5 2,908 10.2 5-9 1,460 10.4 1,352 9.4 0 0.0 2,812 9.9 10-14 1,519 10.8 1,276 8.9 0 0.0 2,795 9.8 15-19 1,133 8.1 1,299 9.0 0 0.0 2,433 8.6 20-24 1,132 8.1 1,210 8.4 0 0.0 2,341 8.2 25-29 1,047 7.5 1,160 8.1 0 0.0 2,206 7.8 30-34 871 6.2 947 6.6 0 0.0 1,818 6.4 35-39 925 6.6 985 6.8 0 0.0 1,910 6.7 40-44 904 6.4 945 6.6 0 0.0 1,849 6.5 45-49 914 6.5 915 6.4 0 0.0 1,830 6.4 50-54 656 4.7 711 4.9 0 0.0 1,366 4.8 55-59 525 3.7 588 4.1 0 0.0 1,113 3.9 60-64 430 3.1 431 3.0 0 29.8 862 3.0 65-69 293 2.1 367 2.5 0 0.0 660 2.3 70-74 253 1.8 303 2.1 0 29.8 556 2.0 75-79 171 1.2 187 1.3 0 0.0 358 1.3 80-84 70 0.5 113 0.8 0 0.0 183 0.6 85+ 49 0.3 84 0.6 0 0.0 133 0.5 Missing/DK 213 1.5 75 0.5 0 0.0 288 1.0 Dependency age groups 0-14 4,437 31.6 4,078 28.3 1 40.5 8,516 30.0 15-64 8,537 60.9 9,191 63.8 0 29.8 17,728 62.4 65+ 835 6.0 1,054 7.3 0 29.8 1,889 6.6 Missing/DK 213 1.5 75 0.5 0 0.0 288 1.0 Child and adult populations Children age 0-17 years 5,118 36.5 4,823 33.5 1 40.5 9,941 35.0 Adults age 18+ years 8,690 62.0 9,500 66.0 1 59.5 18,192 64.0 Missing/DK 213 1.5 75 0.5 0 0.0 288 1.0 Total 14,021 100.0 14,398 100.0 1 100.0 28,421 100.0 Table HH.2 shows the age‐sex structure of the household population. The proportions in child, working and old‐age age groups (0–14, 15–64 and 65 years and over) in the household population of the sample are 30.0, 62.4 and 6.6 percent, respectively Table HH.3 (page 12) provides basic background information on the households. Within households, the sex of the household head, district, urban/rural status, number of household members, and ethnic group of the household head are shown in the table. These background characteristics are also used in subsequent tables in this report; the figures in the table are also intended to show the numbers of observations by major categories of analysis in the report. The weighted and unweighted numbers of households are equal, since sample weights were normalized (See Appendix A, page 178). The table also shows the proportions of households where at least one child under 18, at least one child under 5, and at least one eligible woman age 15‐49 were found. In accordance with the MICS sample, households are predominantly male‐headed (64%). The largest ethnic group among heads of households is Indian (Hindustani, descendants of India) at 28 percent with the next highest proportion being headed by someone who is a Maroon (22%). The MICS sample also estimates that 20 Sample Coverage and the Characteristics of Households and Respondents Suriname MICS4 11 percent of households are headed by a Creole person and 15 percent being headed by someone who is Javanese. Figure HH.1: Age and sex distribution of household population, Suriname, 2010 At 20 percent, a four member household is the most common size of households. However, 13 percent consist of persons living alone while 2 percent have at least 10 persons. These figures also indicate that the survey estimated the average household size at 3.8. A little more than half of all of the households (52%) are headed by someone who attained a secondary‐ level education or higher with another 31 percent being headed by someone attaining education only up to the primary‐level. Almost half (49%) of households are located in Paramaribo. Wanica accounted for 17 percent of the households in Suriname while Nickerie accounted for 8 percent. Almost 5 percent of the households were located in Commewijne while similar proportions of just over 3 percent were located in Saramacca, Marowijne, and Para. Less than one percent of all households were located in Coronie. Consistent with Suriname’s predominantly urban profile, 72 percent of all households are in areas classified as being urban. Please note the small number of cases with “Missing/DK” in background characteristic ‘Ethnicity of household head’. As this characteristic is used throughout the report and indicator value for “Missing/DK” is required to be suppressed consistently, the tables in the report presenting this background characteristic for households do not include the ‘Missing/DK’ category or, in other words, the row is suppressed. Whenever this approach is applied to a table, a note is presented below the table. The implication of this approach is that the denominator sum will not add up to the total denominator in such tables. 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+ Percent Figure HH.1: Age and sex distribution of household population, Suriname, 2010 Females Males Sample Coverage and the Characteristics of Households and Respondents 12 Suriname MICS4 Table HH.3: Household composition Percent and frequency distribution of households by selected characteristics, Suriname, 2010 Weighted percent Number of households Weighted Unweighted Sex of household head Male 63.5 4,700 4,573 Female 36.5 2,707 2,833 Missing 0.0 0 1 District Paramaribo 49.1 3,640 2,184 Wanica 17.2 1,275 757 Nickerie 7.6 563 789 Coronie 0.7 51 93 Saramacca 3.3 244 445 Commewijne 4.9 359 418 Marowijne 3.1 226 446 Para 3.3 243 411 Brokopondo 2.5 186 437 Sipaliwini 8.4 619 1,427 Area Urban 71.6 5,301 3,176 Rural Coastal 17.6 1,300 2,367 Rural interior 10.9 806 1,864 Total Rural 28.4 2,106 4,231 Number of household members 1 13.1 971 1,039 2 17.4 1,288 1,230 3 18.3 1,354 1,283 4 19.5 1,447 1,367 5 12.8 946 982 6 8.7 644 668 7 4.2 313 354 8 2.3 169 196 9 1.4 104 121 10+ 2.3 171 167 Education of household head None 10.8 800 1,293 Primary 30.8 2,281 2,526 Secondary + 52.3 3,875 3,158 Other/Non-standard 1.4 107 85 Missing/DK 4.6 344 345 Ethnicity of household head Indigenous/Amerindian 3.7 271 408 Maroon 21.5 1,594 2,454 Creole 19.5 1,447 1,060 Hindustani 27.9 2,069 1,775 Javanese 14.5 1,072 988 Mixed 10.5 777 587 Others 2.3 172 126 Missing/DK 0.1 6 9 Total 100.0 7,407 7,407 Households with at least One child age 0-4 years 28.5 7,407 7,407 One child age 0-17 years 58.2 7,407 7,407 One woman age 15-49 years 71.2 7,407 7,407 Mean household size 3.8 7,407 7,407 Sample Coverage and the Characteristics of Households and Respondents Suriname MICS4 13 Characteristics of Female Respondents 15-49 Years of Age and Children Under-5 Tables HH.4 and HH.5 provide information on the background characteristics of female respondents 15‐49 years of age and of children under age 5. In both tables, the total numbers of weighted and unweighted observations are equal, since sample weights have been normalized (standardized). In addition to providing useful information on the background characteristics of women and children, the tables are also intended to show the numbers of observations in each background category. These categories are used in the subsequent tabulations of this report. Table HH.4 (page 14) provides background characteristics of female respondents 15‐49 years of age. The table includes information on the distribution of women according to district, urban‐rural areas, age, marital status, motherhood status, education6, wealth index quintiles7, and ethnicity. The distribution of women 15‐49 years by background characteristics such as district, area (urban/rural), and ethnicity of household head is very similar to corresponding distributions observed in the context of households. While just over 70 percent of these women attained at least secondary‐level education (71%), corresponding proportions attaining at most a primary level education or no education whatsoever are observed to be 21 percent and 6 percent, respectively. Among the 15‐49 year old women, the largest group is aged 15‐19 years (17%) with corresponding proportions following a generally downward trend in successive five‐year age groups. The smallest proportion amounting to 12 percent were age 45‐49 years. In accordance with the MICS sample, the proportion of women in each of the wealth quintile groups is inversely related to wealth quintile with the highest proportion in the wealthiest quintile (21%) and the lowest proportion in the poorest quintile (18%). More than half of the women 15‐49 years in the MICS sample were currently married or in a common‐law relationship (54%) compared to 32 percent that were never married or never in a union. Some 10 percent were separated with substantially smaller proportions being either divorced (2%) or widowed (1%). Almost two thirds of the women (65%) had given birth in their life and 17 percent indicated that they had a birth in the past two years. 6Unless otherwise stated, “education” refers to educational level attended by the respondent throughout this report when it is used as a background variable. 7 Principal components analysis was performed by using information on the ownership of consumer goods, dwelling characteristics, water and sanitation, and other characteristics that are related to the household’s wealth to assign weights (factor scores) to each of the household assets. Each household was then assigned a wealth score based on these weights and the assets owned by that household. The survey household population was then ranked according to the wealth score of the household they are living in, and was finally divided into 5 equal parts (quintiles) from lowest (poorest) to highest (richest). The assets used in these calculations were as follows: persons per sleeping room, type of floor, type of roof, type of wall, type of cooking fuel, other household assets namely: electricity, radio, television, mobile telephone, non‐mobile telephone, refrigerator, computer, washing machine, ownership of a watch, bicycle, motor cycle/scooter, car/truck, boat with motor, source of drinking water, and type of sanitary facility. The wealth index is assumed to capture the underlying long‐term wealth through information on the household assets, and is intended to produce a ranking of households by wealth, from poorest to richest. The wealth index does not provide information on absolute poverty, current income or expenditure levels. The wealth scores calculated are applicable for only the particular data set they are based on. Further information on the construction of the wealth index can be found in Filmer, D. and Pritchett, L., 2001. “Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data – or tears: An application to educational enrolments in states of India”. Demography 38(1): 115‐132. Gwatkin, D.R., Rutstein, S., Johnson, K. , Pande, R. and Wagstaff. A., 2000. Socio‐Economic Differences in Health, Nutrition, and Population. HNP/Poverty Thematic Group, Washington, DC: World Bank. Rutstein, S.O. and Johnson, K., 2004. The DHS Wealth Index. DHS Comparative Reports No. 6. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro. Sample Coverage and the Characteristics of Households and Respondents 14 Suriname MICS4 Table HH.4: Women's background characteristics Percent and frequency distribution of women age 15-49 years by selected background characteristics, Suriname, 2010 Weighted percent Number of women Weighted Unweighted District Paramaribo 48.3 3,037 1,836 Wanica 19.9 1,252 749 Nickerie 7.5 471 669 Coronie 0.5 31 58 Saramacca 3.2 198 375 Commewijne 4.7 296 352 Marowijne 3.3 208 425 Para 3.3 205 360 Brokopondo 2.1 132 331 Sipaliwini 7.3 461 1,135 Area Urban 73.5 4,620 2,788 Rural Coastal 17.1 1,077 2,036 Rural interior 9.4 593 1,466 Total Rural 26.5 1,670 3,502 Age 15-19 17.2 1,085 1,088 20-24 15.8 991 965 25-29 15.5 972 991 30-34 13.0 816 838 35-39 13.5 852 856 40-44 13.2 831 839 45-49 11.8 743 713 Marital/Union status Currently married/in union 54.1 3,406 3,470 Widowed 1.1 72 78 Divorced 2.4 153 133 Separated 10.0 630 750 Never married/in union 31.8 1,998 1,825 Missing 0.5 32 34 Motherhood status Ever gave birth 64.8 4,078 4,343 Never gave birth 34.7 2,180 1,926 Missing 0.5 32 21 Births in last two years Had a birth in last two years 16.9 1,060 1,265 Had no birth in last two years 82.6 5,198 5,004 Missing 0.5 32 21 Education None 5.7 361 718 Primary 21.2 1,335 1,683 Secondary + 71.0 4,463 3,785 Other/Non-standard 1.8 111 85 Missing/DK 0.3 21 19 Sample Coverage and the Characteristics of Households and Respondents Suriname MICS4 15 Table HH.4: Women's background characteristics (continued) Weighted percent Number of women Weighted Unweighted Wealth index quintile Poorest 17.8 1,117 1,981 Second 19.6 1,231 1,199 Middle 20.3 1,276 1,079 Fourth 21.1 1,328 1,064 Richest 21.3 1,339 967 Ethnicity of household head Indigenous/Amerindian 3.9 246 372 Maroon 24.0 1,510 2,178 Creole 16.8 1,056 762 Hindustani 29.4 1,851 1,613 Javanese 13.8 870 783 Mixed 9.9 621 475 Others 2.1 131 100 Missing/DK 0.1 5 7 Total 100.0 6,290 6,290 Please note the small number of cases with “Missing/DK” in background characteristics ‘Education of women’ and ‘Ethnicity of household head’. As these characteristics are used throughout the report and indicator values for “Missing/DK” are required to be suppressed consistently, the tables in the report presenting these background characteristics for women do not include the ‘Missing/DK’ categories or, in other words, the rows are suppressed. Whenever this approach is applied to a table, a note is presented below the table. The implication of this approach is that the denominator sum will not add up to the total denominator in such tables. Some background characteristics of children under 5 years are presented in Table HH.5 (page 16). These include distribution of children by several attributes: sex, district, area, age in months, mothers (or caretaker’s) education, wealth, and ethnicity. The sex composition is indicative of an even split between the sexes with males marginally outnumbering females. The largest group of children were 12‐23 months (23%) while the smallest proportion were children under 6 months (9%). If, however, the ages were distributed in accordance with 12‐month age groups, children under 5 years will virtually be distributed evenly, though with the smallest group being age 48‐59 months (18%). More than half of the children under 5 years reside in the two districts of Paramaribo (39%) and Wanica (18%). The rural interior consisting of Sipaliwini (16%) and Brokopondo (5%) accounted for just over one fifth of all children under 5 years. Nickerie and Marowijne each accounted for almost 6 percent, but the smallest proportion is evident in Coronie (0.4%). Although the majority of children live in urban areas (61%), a comparison with the national distribution of the population by urban/rural areas suggest that children under age 5 constitute a noteworthy proportion of persons living in rural communities. A high proportion of children are born in households headed by a Maroon (42%). Although the group of Hindustanis constitute the largest share of the national population, just about 20 percent of all children under 5 years live in households headed by a Hindustani. Relatively lower proportions of children under 5 years live in households headed by Creole (13%) and Javanese (11%) persons. More than a half of children under age 5 were born to mothers who had at least a secondary‐level education (55%). As much as 14 percent were born to mothers who had no education whatsoever. The MICS sample is consistent with an inverse relationship between wealth index quintile groups and the proportion of children in the different quintiles. A little more than one third (34%) of the children were in the poorest wealth quintile while a little more than one tenth were in the wealthiest quintile group (13%). Sample Coverage and the Characteristics of Households and Respondents 16 Suriname MICS4 Table HH.5: Under-5's background characteristics Percent and frequency distribution of children under five years of age by selected characteristics, Suriname, 2010 Weighted percent Number of under-5 children Weighted Unweighted Sex Male 50.1 1,659 1,644 Female 49.8 1,649 1,663 Missing 0.0 1 1 District Paramaribo 38.5 1,274 634 Wanica 18.1 599 295 Nickerie 5.7 188 223 Coronie 0.4 14 22 Saramacca 2.8 91 140 Commewijne 3.7 122 119 Marowijne 5.8 192 318 Para 3.7 122 174 Brokopondo 5.1 167 333 Sipaliwini 16.2 537 1,050 Area Urban 60.5 2,001 993 Rural Coastal 18.2 603 932 Rural interior 21.3 705 1,383 Total Rural 39.5 1,307 2,315 Age 0-5 months 8.6 286 304 6-11 months 10.9 360 351 12-23 months 22.5 744 711 24-35 months 19.3 640 657 36-47 months 21.0 694 699 48-59 months 17.7 584 586 Mother’s education* None 13.7 454 728 Primary 29.2 967 1,157 Secondary + 55.1 1,824 1,375 Other/Non-standard 1.4 48 35 Missing/DK 0.5 16 13 Wealth index quintile Poorest 34.4 1,139 1,758 Second 20.4 675 564 Middle 17.0 563 401 Fourth 15.2 501 327 Richest 13.0 429 258 Ethnicity of household head Indigenous/Amerindian 4.6 153 215 Maroon 42.0 1,389 1,860 Creole 12.9 428 267 Hindustani 19.5 644 480 Javanese 10.5 346 250 Mixed 9.3 308 207 Others 1.1 38 24 Missing/DK 0.1 3 5 Total 100.0 3,308 3,308 * Mother's education refers to educational attainment of mothers (or caretakers) of children under 5. Sample Coverage and the Characteristics of Households and Respondents Suriname MICS4 17 Please note the small number of cases with “Missing”, “Missing/DK” or “Others” in background characteristics ‘Sex’, ‘Mother’s education’ and ‘Ethnicity of household head’. As these characteristics are used throughout the report and indicator values for “Missing’, “Missing/DK” and “Others” are required to be suppressed consistently, the tables in the report presenting these background characteristics for children under age five do not include these categories or, in other words, the rows are suppressed. Whenever this approach is applied to a table, a note is presented below the table. The implication of this approach is that the denominator sum will not add up to the total denominator in such tables. Children’s Living Arrangements and Orphans Table HH.6 (page 18) presents information on the living arrangements and orphanhood status of children under age 18. As much as 56 percent of children 0‐17 years lived with both parents while 29 percent lived with their mothers only despite the fact that their fathers were alive. Another 6 percent of children lived with neither parent although both were alive. In total, 8 percent of children did not live with a biological parent and 5 percent had lost one or both parents. As the wealth of households increase, the likelihood of the child living with both parents increase. As many as 38 percent of children from the poorest households lived only with their mother, despite their father being alive. Saramacca and Nickerie stand out among the districts, where 79 percent of children live with both parents. At the other end of the scale, in Coronie, Brokopondo, and Sipaliwini, less than half of children live with both their parents. Over 10 percent of children in these three districts do not live with a biological parent. Due to the low prevalence (0.4%) of orphans, that is children whose mother and father have died, in Suriname, it is not possible to produce the standard MICS table comparing school attendance of orphans and non‐orphans age 10‐14. However, as it is part of an MDG indicator, the percentage of non‐orphans who are attending school should be mentioned: 97%. Sa m pl e C ov er ag e a nd th e C ha ra ct er ist ic s o f H ou se ho ld s a nd Re sp on de nt s 18 Su rin am e M IC S4 Ta bl e H H .6 : C hi ld re n' s liv in g ar ra ng em en ts a nd o rp ha nh oo d P er ce nt d is tri bu tio n of c hi ld re n ag e 0- 17 y ea rs a cc or di ng to li vi ng a rr an ge m en ts , p er ce nt ag e of c hi ld re n ag e 0- 17 y ea rs in h ou se ho ld s no t l iv in g w ith a b io lo gi ca l p ar en t a nd p er ce nt ag e of ch ild re n w ho h av e on e or b ot h pa re nt s de ad , S ur in am e, 2 01 0 Li vi ng w ith bo th pa re nt s Li vi ng w ith n ei th er p ar en t Li vi ng w ith m ot he r o nl y Li vi ng w ith fa th er o nl y Im po ss ib le to de te rm in e To ta l N ot li vi ng w ith a bi ol og ic al pa re nt 1 O ne or bo th pa re nt s de ad 2 N um be r of ch ild re n ag e 0- 17 ye ar s O nl y fa th er al iv e O nl y m ot he r al iv e B ot h al iv e B ot h de ad Fa th er al iv e Fa th er de ad M ot he r al iv e M ot he r de ad Se x* M al e 56 .4 0. 6 0. 7 5. 6 0. 4 28 .7 2. 4 2. 6 0. 4 2. 2 10 0. 0 7. 3 4. 5 5, 11 8 Fe m al e 56 .0 0. 8 0. 4 7. 0 0. 3 28 .4 2. 5 1. 8 0. 5 2. 4 10 0. 0 8. 5 4. 6 4, 82 3 D is tr ic t P ar am ar ib o 51 .2 0. 9 0. 6 5. 3 0. 5 31 .0 3. 0 3. 7 0. 5 3. 3 10 0. 0 7. 2 5. 7 4, 05 0 W an ic a 62 .1 0. 6 0. 7 5. 5 0. 4 25 .3 1. 7 1. 2 0. 7 1. 9 10 0. 0 7. 2 4. 0 1, 80 4 N ic ke rie 78 .8 0. 6 1. 1 3. 1 0. 5 11 .0 2. 0 1. 4 0. 2 1. 3 10 0. 0 5. 3 4. 6 64 9 C or on ie 42 .7 1. 0 0. 0 13 .6 0. 0 39 .8 1. 9 1. 0 0. 0 0. 0 10 0. 0 14 .6 2. 9 56 S ar am ac ca 78 .9 0. 2 0. 4 3. 6 0. 0 9. 2 2. 9 2. 2 1. 1 1. 6 10 0. 0 4. 1 4. 5 30 4 C om m ew ijn e 72 .0 0. 4 0. 1 5. 6 0. 1 16 .2 1. 5 1. 1 0. 0 3. 0 10 0. 0 6. 3 2. 2 40 7 M ar ow ijn e 54 .6 0. 5 0. 6 8. 0 0. 0 30 .7 2. 1 1. 6 0. 4 1. 5 10 0. 0 9. 1 3. 6 52 4 P ar a 53 .3 0. 7 0. 7 8. 4 0. 1 31 .7 2. 0 1. 7 0. 4 1. 2 10 0. 0 9. 8 3. 8 45 1 B ro ko po nd o 46 .0 1. 0 0. 4 11 .5 0. 1 36 .8 2. 3 0. 6 0. 2 1. 0 10 0. 0 13 .0 4. 0 42 3 S ip al iw in i 47 .4 0. 4 0. 4 9. 5 0. 1 37 .6 2. 6 0. 4 0. 0 1. 4 10 0. 0 10 .5 3. 6 1, 27 3 A re a U rb an 55 .7 0. 8 0. 6 5. 2 0. 4 28 .5 2. 6 2. 7 0. 5 2. 9 10 0. 0 7. 1 5. 1 6, 32 4 R ur al C oa st al 65 .8 0. 4 0. 7 6. 4 0. 1 20 .9 2. 0 1. 9 0. 4 1. 4 10 0. 0 7. 6 3. 7 1, 92 2 R ur al in te rio r 47 .1 0. 6 0. 4 10 .0 0. 1 37 .4 2. 6 0. 5 0. 1 1. 3 10 0. 0 11 .1 3. 7 1, 69 5 To ta l R ur al 57 .0 0. 5 0. 5 8. 1 0. 1 28 .6 2. 3 1. 2 0. 3 1. 3 10 0. 0 9. 3 3. 7 3, 61 8 A ge 0- 4 61 .4 0. 3 0. 1 4. 0 0. 2 30 .6 0. 8 1. 2 0. 1 1. 3 10 0. 0 4. 6 1. 6 2, 90 8 5- 9 56 .3 0. 7 0. 4 6. 0 0. 2 29 .7 2. 1 2. 5 0. 5 1. 7 10 0. 0 7. 3 3. 9 2, 81 2 10 -1 4 54 .9 0. 8 0. 9 7. 4 0. 4 26 .8 3. 8 2. 6 0. 6 1. 8 10 0. 0 9. 6 6. 8 2, 79 5 15 -1 7 48 .0 1. 4 1. 2 9. 3 0. 6 25 .4 3. 9 3. 0 0. 6 6. 6 10 0. 0 12 .5 7. 7 1, 42 6 Sa m pl e C ov er ag e a nd th e C ha ra ct er ist ic s o f H ou se ho ld s a nd Re sp on de nt s Su rin am e M IC S4 19 Ta bl e H H .6 : C hi ld re n' s liv in g ar ra ng em en ts a nd o rp ha nh oo d P er ce nt d is tri bu tio n of c hi ld re n ag e 0- 17 y ea rs a cc or di ng to li vi ng a rr an ge m en ts , p er ce nt ag e of c hi ld re n ag e 0- 17 y ea rs in h ou se ho ld s no t l iv in g w ith a b io lo gi ca l p ar en t a nd p er ce nt ag e of ch ild re n w ho h av e on e or b ot h pa re nt s de ad , S ur in am e, 2 01 0 Li vi ng w ith bo th pa re nt s Li vi ng w ith n ei th er p ar en t Li vi ng w ith m ot he r o nl y Li vi ng w ith fa th er o nl y Im po ss ib le to de te rm in e To ta l N ot li vi ng w ith a bi ol og ic al pa re nt 1 O ne or bo th pa re nt s de ad 2 N um be r of ch ild re n ag e 0- 17 ye ar s O nl y fa th er al iv e O nl y m ot he r al iv e B ot h al iv e B ot h de ad Fa th er al iv e Fa th er de ad M ot he r al iv e M ot he r de ad W ea lth in de x qu in til es P oo re st 46 .2 0. 8 0. 7 7. 8 0. 5 38 .0 2. 7 0. 9 0. 1 2. 3 10 0. 0 9. 8 4. 9 2, 89 9 S ec on d 56 .3 0. 4 0. 6 6. 4 0. 1 26 .8 2. 8 3. 1 0. 7 2. 8 10 0. 0 7. 5 4. 6 2, 16 7 M id dl e 59 .0 0. 6 0. 7 5. 6 0. 3 25 .3 2. 4 2. 8 0. 7 2. 7 10 0. 0 7. 1 4. 9 1, 75 6 Fo ur th 63 .6 1. 0 0. 2 5. 4 0. 6 23 .7 1. 8 2. 0 0. 5 1. 3 10 0. 0 7. 1 4. 2 1, 60 9 R ic he st 64 .2 0. 8 0. 6 5. 0 0. 1 21 .9 2. 3 2. 9 0. 1 2. 1 10 0. 0 6. 5 4. 0 1, 51 1 Et hn ic ity o f h ou se ho ld h ea d* In di ge no us /A m er in di an 73 .0 0. 1 0. 4 5. 9 0. 4 15 .6 0. 8 2. 0 0. 9 0. 9 10 0. 0 6. 9 2. 7 53 6 M ar oo n 41 .3 0. 8 0. 7 8. 9 0. 5 40 .8 3. 0 1. 5 0. 1 2. 4 10 0. 0 10 .8 5. 1 3, 73 7 C re ol e 43 .7 0. 8 0. 6 5. 2 0. 2 40 .2 2. 5 3. 0 0. 5 3. 3 10 0. 0 6. 8 5. 0 1, 46 9 H in du st an i 78 .4 0. 8 0. 5 2. 7 0. 3 10 .3 2. 0 2. 4 0. 5 2. 0 10 0. 0 4. 3 4. 1 2, 13 5 Ja va ne se 72 .7 0. 1 0. 5 5. 1 0. 1 15 .7 0. 8 2. 5 0. 5 2. 1 10 0. 0 5. 7 2. 1 1, 07 1 M ix ed 53 .3 1. 3 0. 7 8. 0 0. 4 26 .1 4. 4 2. 9 1. 0 2. 0 10 0. 0 10 .4 7. 8 84 7 O th er s 74 .0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 3 0. 0 18 .4 1. 2 3. 6 0. 0 2. 4 10 0. 0 0. 3 1. 2 13 8 To ta l 56 .2 0. 7 0. 6 6. 3 0. 3 28 .5 2. 5 2. 2 0. 4 2. 3 10 0. 0 7. 9 4. 6 9, 94 1 * ‘M is si ng /D K ’ c at eg or ie s no t s ho w n du e to lo w n um be r o f o bs er va tio ns 1 M IC S in di ca to r 9 .1 7 2 M IC S in di ca to r 9 .1 8 Nutrition 20 Suriname MICS4 4. Nutrition Nutrition Suriname MICS4 21 Nutritional Status Children’s nutritional status is a reflection of their overall health. When children have access to an adequate food supply, are not exposed to repeated illness, and are well cared for, they reach their growth potential and are considered well nourished. Malnutrition is associated with more than half of all child deaths worldwide. Undernourished children are more likely to die from common childhood ailments, and for those who survive, have recurring sicknesses and faltering growth. Three‐quarters of the children who die from causes related to malnutrition were only mildly or moderately malnourished – showing no outward sign of their vulnerability. The Millennium Development target is to reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger between 1990 and 2015. A reduction in the prevalence of malnutrition will also assist in the goal to reduce child mortality. In a well‐nourished population, there is a reference distribution of height and weight for children under age five. Under‐nourishment in a population can be gauged by comparing children to a reference population. The reference population used in this report is based on the WHO growth standards8. Each of the three nutritional status indicators can be expressed in standard deviation units (z‐scores) from the median of the reference population. Weight‐for‐age is a measure of both acute and chronic malnutrition. Children whose weight‐for‐age is more than two standard deviations below the median of the reference population are considered moderately or severely underweight while those whose weight‐for‐age is more than three standard deviations below the median are classified as severely underweight. Height‐for‐age is a measure of linear growth. Children whose height‐for‐age is more than two standard deviations below the median of the reference population are considered short for their age and are classified as moderately or severely stunted. Those whose height‐for‐age is more than three standard deviations below the median are classified as severely stunted. Stunting is a reflection of chronic malnutrition as a result of failure to receive adequate nutrition over a long period and recurrent or chronic illness. Finally, children whose weight‐for‐height is more than two standard deviations below the median of the reference population are classified as moderately or severely wasted, while those who fall more than three standard deviations below the median are classified as severely wasted. Wasting is usually the result of a recent nutritional deficiency. The indicator may exhibit significant seasonal shifts associated with changes in the availability of food or disease prevalence. In MICS, weights and heights of all children under 5 years of age were measured using anthropometric equipment recommended by UNICEF (www.childinfo.org). Findings in this section are based on the results of these measurements. Table NU.1 (page 24) shows percentages of children classified into each of these categories, based on the anthropometric measurements that were taken during fieldwork. Additionally, the table includes the percentage of children who are overweight, which takes into account those children whose weight for height is above 2 standard deviations from the median of the reference population, and mean z‐scores for all three anthropometric indicators. Children whose full birth date (month and year) were not obtained, and children whose measurements are outside a plausible range are excluded from Table NU.1. Children are excluded from one or more of the anthropometric indicators when their weights and heights have not been measured, whichever applicable. 8 http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/second_set/technical_report_2.pdf Nutrition 22 Suriname MICS4 For example if a child has been weighed but his/her height has not been measured, the child is included in underweight calculations, but not in the calculations for stunting and wasting. Percentages of children by age and reasons for exclusion are shown in the data quality tables DQ.6 and DQ.7 in Appendix D. Overall 13 percent of children did not have both weights and heights measured (Table DQ.6, page 210). Table DQ.7 (page 211) shows that due to incomplete dates of birth, implausible measurements, and missing weight and/or height, 15 percent of children have been excluded from calculations of the weight‐for‐age indicator, while the figures are 19 percent for the height‐for‐age indicator, and 19 percent for the weight‐for‐height indicator. Such relatively high rates of excluded children warrant cautious interpretation of the anthropometric indicators. The MICS shows that almost 6 percent of children under age five in Suriname are moderately or severely underweight (5.8 percent) and 1.3 percent are classified as severely underweight. Just under one tenth of children (9%) are moderately or severely stunted (too short for their age) and 5 percent are moderately or severely wasted (too thin for their height). Figure NU.1: Percentage of children under age 5 Wasting prevalence is lowest in rural interior areas, but, in contrast, stunting prevalence is significantly higher, mainly driven by 17 percent moderate and severe stunting in Sipaliwini. High stunting levels are also seen among children of mothers with no education and in the poorest wealth quintile at 17 and 13 percent, respectively. Considering the caution necessary with this data and the confidence intervals they carry, no further observations seem appropriate. With reference to Figure NU.1 above, undernourishment is assessed children less than 6 months, 6‐11 months, 12‐23 months, 24‐35 months, 36‐47 months and 48‐59 months. For children aged 12‐23 months or in an older age group, stunting prevalence is greater than underweight and wasting prevalence. With regard to stunting, the highest prevalence rates are observed among children 12‐23 months and declines markedly among children in each of the successive age groups. With regard to being underweight or 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 Pe rc en t Age (in months) Figure NU.1: Percentage of children under age 5 who are underweight, stunted, and wasted, Suriname, 2010 Underweight Stunted Wasted Nutrition Suriname MICS4 23 wasted, there appears to be little or no differences in prevalence rates between children in age groups 12‐ 23 months or older age groups. Breastfeeding and Infant and Young Child Feeding Breastfeeding for the first few years of life protects children from infection, provides an ideal source of nutrients, and is economical and safe. However, many mothers stop breastfeeding too soon and there are often pressures to switch to infant formula, which can contribute to growth faltering and micronutrient malnutrition and is unsafe if clean water is not readily available. WHO/UNICEF have the following feeding recommendations: Exclusive breastfeeding for first six months Continued breastfeeding for two years or more Safe and age‐appropriate complementary foods beginning at 6 months Frequency of complementary feeding: 2 times per day for 6‐8 month olds; 3 times per day for 9‐11 month olds It is also recommended that breastfeeding be initiated within one hour of birth. The indicators related to recommended child feeding practices are as follows: Early initiation of breastfeeding (within 1 hour of birth) Exclusive breastfeeding rate (< 6 months) Predominant breastfeeding (< 6 months) Continued breastfeeding rate (at 1 year and at 2 years) Duration of breastfeeding Age‐appropriate breastfeeding (0‐23 months) Introduction of solid, semi‐solid and soft foods (6‐8 months) Minimum meal frequency (6‐23 months) Milk feeding frequency for non‐breastfeeding children (6‐23 months) Bottle feeding (0‐23 months) Table NU.2 (page 26) provides the proportion of children born in the last two years who were ever breastfed, those who were first breastfed within one hour and one day of birth, and those who received a prelacteal feed. These practices are very important step in the management of lactation and the establishment of a physical and emotional relationship between the baby and the mother. Figure NU.2 (page 27) is illustrative of the proportion of women who started breastfeeding their infants within one hour of birth, and women who started breastfeeding within one day of birth (which includes those who started within one hour). Whether within one day or one hour, greater proportions of mothers from rural districts such as Sipaliwini (81% and 63%), Para (79% and 53%), Brokopondo (74% and 63%) and Nickerie (77% and 53%) are observed to have initiated breastfeeding within such time spans subsequent to their infants’ births when compared to corresponding proportions in urban areas such as Paramaribo (52% and 36%) and Wanica (64% and 43%). At the national level, approximately 45 percent of mothers responded to have initiated breastfeeding of their infants within the first hour of birth while as much as 64% initiated such feeding within the first day. N ut rit io n 24 Su rin am e M IC S4 Ta bl e N U .1 : N ut rit io na l s ta tu s of c hi ld re n P er ce nt ag e of c hi ld re n un de r a ge 5 b y nu tri tio na l s ta tu s ac co rd in g to th re e an th ro po m et ric in di ce s: w ei gh t f or a ge , h ei gh t f or a ge , a nd w ei gh t f or h ei gh t, S ur in am e, 2 01 0 W ei gh t f or a ge N um be r of ch ild re n un de r ag e 5 H ei gh t f or a ge N um be r of ch ild re n un de r ag e 5 W ei gh t f or h ei gh t N um be r of ch ild re n un de r ag e 5 U nd er w ei gh t M ea n Z- S co re (S D ) St un te d M ea n Z- S co re (S D ) W as te d O ve rw ei gh t M ea n Z- S co re (S D ) pe rc en t b el ow pe rc en t b el ow pe rc en t b el ow pe rc en t ab ov e - 2 S D 1 - 3 S D 2 - 2 S D 3 - 3 S D 4 - 2 S D 5 - 3 S D 6 + 2 S D Se x M al e 6. 2 1. 1 -0 .4 1, 43 9 9. 9 2. 6 -0 .5 1, 37 6 5. 7 0. 9 5. 0 -0 .1 1, 37 0 Fe m al e 5. 3 1. 4 -0 .3 1, 43 2 7. 6 1. 8 -0 .4 1, 36 9 4. 2 0. 8 3. 0 -0 .2 1, 35 5 A re a U rb an 5. 6 1. 1 -0 .3 1, 77 5 6. 8 2. 0 -0 .3 1, 69 2 5. 0 0. 8 4. 3 -0 .2 1, 67 8 R ur al C oa st al 7. 2 1. 8 -0 .4 52 5 8. 8 1. 8 -0 .4 50 0 6. 9 1. 1 4. 9 -0 .2 49 6 R ur al in te rio r 5. 1 1. 1 -0 .5 57 0 14 .9 3. 1 -0 .8 55 2 3. 1 0. 6 2. 2 -0 .1 55 1 To ta l R ur al 6. 1 1. 4 -0 .5 1, 09 5 12 .0 2. 5 -0 .6 1, 05 2 4. 9 0. 8 3. 5 -0 .1 1, 04 7 D is tr ic t P ar am ar ib o 5. 6 1. 1 -0 .2 1, 11 8 5. 8 1. 9 -0 .2 1, 06 7 5. 0 0. 8 4. 2 -0 .1 1, 05 3 W an ic a 5. 6 1. 5 -0 .4 54 2 9. 7 2. 7 -0 .5 52 2 5. 1 0. 8 5. 4 -0 .2 52 2 N ic ke rie 8. 3 1. 5 -0 .4 17 4 5. 9 0. 8 -0 .3 16 7 9. 2 1. 2 4. 8 -0 .3 16 4 C or on ie (* ) (* ) (* ) 14 (* ) (* ) (* ) 14 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 14 S ar am ac ca 4. 8 0. 8 -0 .5 82 6. 8 0. 8 -0 .5 77 5. 1 0. 0 5. 1 -0 .3 77 C om m ew ijn e 8. 9 0. 6 -0 .5 10 4 5. 9 0. 7 -0 .3 90 13 .2 4. 4 2. 9 -0 .6 90 M ar ow ijn e 5. 1 2. 6 -0 .3 16 5 9. 1 2. 7 -0 .5 15 9 2. 7 0. 4 4. 6 0. 0 15 7 P ar a 6. 9 1. 4 -0 .4 10 1 11 .8 2. 2 -0 .5 96 3. 6 0. 7 2. 9 -0 .2 96 B ro ko po nd o 5. 7 0. 4 -0 .4 12 4 7. 5 1. 2 -0 .6 12 7 3. 3 0. 8 3. 3 -0 .2 12 3 S ip al iw in i 4. 9 1. 3 -0 .5 44 6 17 .1 3. 7 -0 .9 42 5 3. 1 0. 6 1. 9 0. 0 42 9 A ge 0- 5 m on th s 11 .0 2. 8 -0 .3 24 5 9. 4 6. 6 -0 .3 22 8 5. 4 1. 9 6. 5 -0 .1 21 5 6- 11 m on th s 5. 8 1. 6 -0 .2 32 4 5. 7 1. 3 0. 1 31 3 8. 6 1. 9 3. 8 -0 .2 31 3 12 -2 3 m on th s 5. 8 0. 9 -0 .3 67 0 12 .0 1. 9 -0 .5 62 8 3. 9 0. 3 5. 5 -0 .1 62 6 24 -3 5 m on th s 5. 1 0. 6 -0 .4 53 7 9. 1 3. 1 -0 .6 50 6 4. 9 1. 3 4. 0 -0 .1 50 7 36 -4 7 m on th s 5. 0 1. 9 -0 .5 58 2 8. 4 1. 8 -0 .6 56 5 3. 7 0. 2 3. 8 -0 .2 55 9 48 -5 9 m on th s 4. 8 0. 7 -0 .5 51 2 6. 6 0. 8 -0 .4 50 5 5. 4 0. 7 1. 4 -0 .4 50 6 N ut rit io n Su rin am e M IC S4 25 Ta bl e N U .1 : N ut rit io na l s ta tu s of c hi ld re n (c on tin ue d) P er ce nt ag e of c hi ld re n un de r a ge 5 b y nu tri tio na l s ta tu s ac co rd in g to th re e an th ro po m et ric in di ce s: w ei gh t f or a ge , h ei gh t f or a ge , a nd w ei gh t f or h ei gh t, S ur in am e, 2 01 0 W ei gh t f or a ge N um be r of ch ild re n un de r ag e 5 H ei gh t f or a ge N um be r of ch ild re n un de r ag e 5 W ei gh t f or h ei gh t N um be r of ch ild re n un de r ag e 5 U nd er w ei gh t M ea n Z- S co re (S D ) St un te d M ea n Z- S co re (S D ) W as te d O ve rw ei gh t M ea n Z- S co re (S D ) pe rc en t b el ow pe rc en t b el ow pe rc en t b el ow pe rc en t ab ov e - 2 S D 1 - 3 S D 2 - 2 S D 3 - 3 S D 4 - 2 S D 5 - 3 S D 6 + 2 S D M ot he r’s e du ca tio n* N on e 4. 4 0. 8 -0 .5 37 0 17 .0 5. 6 -0 .9 35 7 2. 4 0. 3 2. 2 -0 .1 35 7 P rim ar y 7. 2 1. 8 -0 .4 85 7 10 .6 2. 5 -0 .5 81 7 6. 0 1. 3 2. 4 -0 .2 80 9 S ec on da ry + 5. 2 1. 1 -0 .3 1, 58 6 6. 0 1. 3 -0 .3 1, 51 4 5. 1 0. 7 5. 0 -0 .2 1, 50 3 O th er /N on -s ta nd ar d (1 1. 4) (0 .0 ) (-0 .2 ) 41 (4 .9 ) (0 .0 ) (-0 .3 ) 41 (4 .9 ) (0 .0 ) (4 .9 ) (0 .0 ) 41 W ea lth in de x qu in til e P oo re st 6. 2 1. 6 -0 .5 94 9 13 .4 3. 4 -0 .7 90 2 4. 0 1. 0 3. 1 -0 .1 90 0 S ec on d 5. 6 1. 1 -0 .4 60 7 8. 3 1. 2 -0 .4 58 3 6. 5 0. 7 2. 4 -0 .2 57 9 M id dl e 5. 2 1. 3 -0 .2 50 0 5. 1 1. 5 -0 .2 48 2 6. 0 1. 1 6. 0 -0 .2 47 7 Fo ur th 6. 9 1. 2 -0 .3 44 4 6. 6 2. 7 -0 .3 42 4 5. 2 1. 1 4. 6 -0 .2 42 2 R ic he st 4. 2 0. 5 -0 .2 37 0 5. 5 1. 1 -0 .2 35 3 3. 5 0. 0 5. 6 -0 .1 34 7 Et hn ic ity o f h ou se ho ld h ea d* In di ge no us /A m er in di an 4. 5 1. 8 -0 .1 13 9 12 .1 3. 6 -0 .6 12 8 1. 8 0. 0 4. 9 0. 3 12 8 M ar oo n 4. 4 1. 1 -0 .4 1, 15 9 11 .1 2. 8 -0 .6 1, 11 9 3. 7 1. 1 3. 4 -0 .1 1, 11 3 C re ol e 6. 3 1. 1 -0 .3 38 3 3. 5 0. 6 -0 .1 36 2 4. 5 0. 7 4. 7 -0 .2 35 8 H in du st an i 9. 1 1. 8 -0 .6 58 7 5. 6 1. 7 -0 .3 56 3 9. 3 0. 8 2. 6 -0 .5 56 1 Ja va ne se 7. 0 1. 9 -0 .5 29 1 11 .9 2. 3 -0 .7 26 7 5. 3 0. 5 6. 3 -0 .1 26 3 M ix ed 2. 8 0. 2 -0 .1 27 9 9. 2 2. 6 -0 .2 27 2 2. 7 0. 7 6. 5 0. 1 27 0 O th er s (* ) (* ) (* ) 32 (* ) (* ) (* ) 32 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 32 To ta l 5. 8 1. 3 -0 .4 2, 87 0 8. 8 2. 2 -0 .4 2, 74 4 5. 0 0. 8 4. 0 -0 .2 2, 72 6 * ‘M is si ng /D K ’ c at eg or ie s no t s ho w n du e to lo w n um be r o f o bs er va tio ns ( ) F ig ur es th at a re b as ed o n 25 -4 9 un w ei gh te d ca se s (* ) F ig ur es th at a re b as ed o n le ss th an 2 5 un w ei gh te d ca se s 1 M IC S in di ca to r 2 .1 a an d M D G in di ca to r 1 .8 2 M IC S in di ca to r 2 .1 b 3 M IC S in di ca to r 2 .2 a 4 M IC S in di ca to r 2 .2 b 5 M IC S in di ca to r 2 .3 a 6 M IC S in di ca to r 2 .3 b Nutrition 26 Suriname MICS4 Table NU.2: Initial breastfeeding Percentage of last-born children in the 2 years preceding the survey who were ever breastfed, percentage who were breastfed within one hour of birth and within one day of birth, and percentage who received a prelacteal feed, Suriname, 2010 Percentage who were ever breastfed1 Percentage who were first breastfed: Percentage who received a prelacteal feed Number of last-born children in the two years preceding the survey Within one hour of birth2 Within one day of birth District Paramaribo 88.1 35.8 51.9 53.1 430 Wanica 92.1 43.0 64.0 46.5 191 Nickerie 91.2 52.7 77.2 52.6 61 Coronie (*) (*) (*) (*) 4 Saramacca 91.2 43.9 70.2 54.4 30 Commewijne 86.2 43.8 62.5 45.0 44 Marowijne 87.9 42.4 66.7 40.2 65 Para 92.4 53.0 78.8 53.0 38 Brokopondo 94.7 63.2 74.4 62.4 53 Sipaliwini 94.7 62.8 81.4 37.8 146 Area Urban 89.1 39.2 56.6 50.9 668 Rural Coastal 90.6 44.9 70.9 48.5 193 Rural interior 94.7 62.9 79.5 44.3 199 Total Rural 92.7 54.0 75.3 46.4 392 Months since last birth 0-11 months 92.3 41.7 62.5 50.8 509 12-23 months 88.7 47.5 64.4 47.7 551 Assistance at delivery Skilled attendant 91.2 44.7 63.5 49.8 982 Traditional birth attendant 93.4 51.4 75.9 47.2 57 Place of delivery Public sector health facility 90.5 43.9 62.5 49.7 758 Private sector health facility 94.3 48.5 66.1 52.1 220 Home 90.0 52.2 76.2 41.9 41 Other/Missing 69.3 31.5 55.4 32.5 41 Mother’s education* None 94.9 61.0 77.2 38.8 125 Primary 87.5 49.4 63.7 48.0 305 Secondary + 91.0 38.9 60.6 51.9 609 Other/Non-standard (*) (*) (*) (*) 16 Wealth index quintile Poorest 91.1 54.8 73.7 43.4 341 Second 87.3 42.9 56.1 51.5 212 Middle 88.8 39.7 64.0 45.7 200 Fourth 92.8 31.1 50.3 54.0 167 Richest 93.1 46.1 64.9 59.1 141 Ethnicity of household head* Indigenous/Amerindian 85.3 52.0 70.3 36.5 50 Maroon 91.7 53.3 70.9 45.9 429 Creole 90.7 25.0 48.4 51.4 131 Hindustani 90.8 43.0 59.2 54.0 216 Javanese 86.6 34.1 57.4 47.7 111 Mixed 90.5 43.0 62.0 55.7 104 Others (*) (*) (*) (*) 20 Total 90.4 44.7 63.5 49.2 1,060 * ‘Missing/DK’ categories not shown due to low number of observations (*) Figures that are based on less than 25 unweighted cases 1 MICS indicator 2.4 2 MICS indicator 2.5 Nutrition Suriname MICS4 27 Figure NU.2: Percentage of mothers who started breastfeeding within one hour and within one day of birth, Suriname, 2010 In Table NU.3 (page 28), breastfeeding status is based on the reports of mothers/caretakers of children’s consumption of food and fluids during the previous day or night prior to the interview. Exclusively breastfed refers to infants who received only breast milk (and vitamins, mineral supplements, or medicine). The table shows exclusive breastfeeding of infants during the first six months of life, as well as continued breastfeeding of children at 12‐15 and 20‐23 months of age. Only about three percent of children aged less than six months are exclusively breastfed. By age 12‐15 months, 23 percent of children are still being breastfed and by age 20‐23 months, 15 percent are still breastfed. Girls were more likely to be exclusively breastfed than boys. This is also true with respect to continued breastfeeding whether by age 12‐15 month or 20‐23 months. While there are other interesting observations to make, caution is advised due to a limited number of observations and therefore large confidence intervals on estimates. However, there is an interesting dynamic to note in the urban/rural disaggregation, where the urban children have less chance of breastfeeding exclusively or predominantly at the young age, but that the opposite holds true for continued breastfeeding at age 2. It would seem that fewer urban women choose to breastfeed, but that those who do breastfeed continue to do so. According to Figure NU.3 (page 29), it is estimated that 6 percent of children are exclusively breastfed among those in their first two months of life. Among those in their fourth and fifth months, less than 1 percent (0.8%) was exclusively breastfed. Figure NU.3 also shows that approximately 6 in every 10 infants in their first two months are breastfed and given milk or formula. This is observed to be the case for nearly 7 in every 10 infants 2‐3 months old. There appears to be consecutive increases in the proportion of infants who are breastfed and given solid food among infants in successive two‐month age groups comprising the first year of life. While the proportion among infants in their first two years of life is 0.6 percent, it increased to 21 percent among infants 6‐7 months and 32 percent among those 10‐11 months. For 52 64 77 70 63 67 79 74 81 57 71 80 75 64 36 43 53 44 44 42 53 63 63 39 45 63 54 45 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Pe rc en t Figure NU.2: Percentage of mothers who started breastfeeding within one hour and within one day of birth, Suriname, 2010 Within one day Within one hour Nutrition 28 Suriname MICS4 children under 2 years, more than half of the children 8‐9 months or in older age groups are no longer breastfed. Among those 22‐23 months, approximately 88 percent were no longer breastfeeding thus implying that about 12 percent of the children had still been breastfeeding while having solid food just before their second birthday. Table NU.3: Breastfeeding Percentage of living children according to breastfeeding status at selected age groups, Suriname, 2010 Children age 0-5 months Children age 12-15 months Children age 20-23 months Percent exclusively breastfed1 Percent predominantly breastfed2 Number of children Percent breastfed (Continued breastfeeding at 1 year)3 Number of children Percent breastfed (Continued breastfeeding at 2 years)4 Number of children Sex Male 1.6 18.6 150 19.2 103 12.0 150 Female 4.0 18.1 136 26.8 88 17.5 163 District Paramaribo 1.8 10.7 113 (20.0) 80 15.8 115 Wanica (*) (*) 41 (*) 32 (17.1) 71 Nickerie (*) (*) 15 (*) 6 (*) 18 Coronie (*) (*) 1 (*) 1 (*) 1 Saramacca (*) (*) 8 (*) 8 (*) 7 Commewijne (*) (*) 7 (*) 7 (*) 15 Marowijne (2.4) (11.9) 25 (*) 13 (18.5) 16 Para (*) (*) 10 (*) 6 (*) 13 Brokopondo (4.5) (34.1) 22 (*) 9 (*) 11 Sipaliwini 2.3 40.7 44 39.2 26 6.6 47 Area Urban 1.3 10.1 159 17.2 117 17.8 204 Rural Coastal 6.4 18.1 61 26.8 39 12.2 53 Rural interior 3.1 38.5 66 36.3 35 7.1 57 Total Rural 4.7 28.7 127 31.3 74 9.5 110 Mother’s education None 1.3 28.9 39 (22.0) 30 3.5 44 Primary 5.6 20.4 76 30.5 58 20.2 95 Secondary + 1.9 15.6 165 18.5 100 15.2 167 Non-standard/ Missing/DK (*) (*) 6 (*) 3 (*) 8 Wealth index quintile Poorest 2.4 24.7 116 27.5 54 11.6 96 Second (3.0) (13.5) 39 (29.7) 48 (21.4) 62 Middle (1.3) (14.4) 51 (*) 28 (11.4) 59 Fourth (6.8) (14.7) 49 (*) 31 (18.8) 57 Richest (*) (*) 31 (*) 29 (*) 39 Ethnicity of household head* Indigenous/Amerindian (*) (*) 10 (*) 9 (*) 18 Maroon 1.2 24.2 137 27.8 67 4.6 134 Creole (*) (*) 35 (*) 25 (*) 38 Hindustani (4.0) (5.3) 49 (13.1) 45 (22.5) 68 Javanese (*) (*) 28 (*) 21 (*) 32 Mixed (*) (*) 24 (*) 16 (*) 20 Others (*) (*) 3 (*) 6 (*) 3 Total 2.8 18.4 286 22.7 191 14.9 313 * ‘Missing/DK’ category of ethnicity of household head not shown due to low number of observations ( ) Figures that are based on 25-49 unweighted cases (*) Figures that are based on less than 25 unweighted cases 1 MICS indicator 2.6 2 MICS indicator 2.9 3 MICS indicator 2.7 4 MICS indicator 2.8 Nutrition Suriname MICS4 29 Figure NU.3: Infant feeding patterns by age, Suriname 2010 Table NU.4 (page 31) shows the median duration of breastfeeding by selected background characteristics. Among children under age 3, the median duration is 8.0 months for any breastfeeding, 0.4 months for exclusive breastfeeding, and 0.5 months for predominant breastfeeding. With respect to any breastfeeding, girls were more likely to have continued breastfeeding than boys. This is also the case for children who living in the rural interior as opposed to rural coastal areas or urban areas. The median duration of any breastfeeding was longer among children whose mothers had no education than among those whose mothers had higher levels of education, as well as for particularly the poorest wealth quintile. The adequacy of infant feeding in children under 24 months is provided in Table NU.5 (page 32). Different criteria of feeding are used depending on the age of the child. For infants aged 0‐5 months, exclusive breastfeeding is considered as age‐appropriate feeding, while infants aged 6‐23 months are considered to be appropriately fed if they are receiving breast milk and solid, semi‐solid or soft food. As a result of these feeding patterns, only 18 percent of children aged 6‐23 months are being appropriately fed. Age‐ appropriate feeding among all infants age 0‐5 months drops to 3 percent. Whether 0‐5 months or 6‐23 months, girls are more likely to be adequately breastfed than boys and children from rural areas are more likely to be adequately fed when compared to those from urban areas. There does not appear to be any clear pattern of relationship associating the adequacy of infant feeding in children under 24 months with either their mothers’ education or their wealth status. Appropriate complementary feeding of children from 6 months to two years of age is particularly important for growth and development and the prevention of under nutrition. Continued breastfeeding beyond six months should be accompanied by consumption of nutritionally adequate, safe and appropriate complementary foods that help meet nutritional requirements when breast milk is no longer sufficient. This requires that for breastfed children, two or more meals of solid, semi‐solid or soft foods are needed if they are six to eight months old, and three or more meals if they are 9‐23 months of age. For children 6‐23 Breastfed and other milk / formula Breastfed and complimentary foods Weaned (not breastfed) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0‐1 2‐3 4‐5 6‐7 8‐9 10‐11 12‐13 14‐15 16‐17 18‐19 20‐21 22‐23 Percent Age Figure NU.3: Infant feeding patterns by age, Suriname 2010 Exclusively breastfed Breastfed and plain water only Breastfed and non‐milk liquids Breastfed and other milk / formula Breastfed and complimentary foods Weaned (not breastfed) Nutrition 30 Suriname MICS4 months and older who are not breastfed, four or more meals of solid, semi‐solid or soft foods or milk feeds are needed. Overall, 47 percent of infants’ age 6‐8 months received solid, semi‐solid, or soft foods (Table NU.6, page 33). Among currently breastfeeding infants this percentage is 41 while it is 53 among infants currently not breastfeeding. Table NU.7 (page 34) presents the proportion of children age 6‐23 months who received semi‐solid or soft foods the minimum number of times or more during the previous day according to breastfeeding status (see the note in Table NU.7 for a definition of minimum number of times for different age groups). Overall, a little less than two‐thirds of the children age 6‐23 months (64 percent) were receiving solid, semi‐solid and soft foods the minimum number of times. The disaggregated values show that while 70 percent of urban and 73 percent of rural coastal children enjoy the minimum meal frequency, the percentage in the rural interior is only 38. Large differences are also found according to mother’s education and wealth of the household. Somewhat expected, the children of the higher educated and the wealthier are better off. Interestingly, the percentage of children receiving the minimum meal frequency increases with age of the child as well, ranging from 52 percent of children age 6‐8 months to 69 percent of 18‐23 month olds. Looking just at the currently breastfeeding children age 6‐23 months, just 16 percent of them were receiving solid, semi‐solid and soft foods the minimum number of times. Among non‐breastfeeding children, as much as 83 percent of the children were receiving solid, semi‐solid and soft foods or milk feeds 4 times or more. As above, this however masks large discrepancies with poor conditions in the rural interior, especially Sipaliwini where only 51 percent of non‐breastfeeding children enjoyed feeds 4 times or more. The continued practice of bottle‐feeding is a concern because of the possible contamination due to unsafe water and lack of hygiene in preparation. Table NU.8 (page 35) shows that bottle‐feeding is still prevalent in Suriname with 72 percent of children under 2 years being reported to be fed using a bottle with a nipple. Greater percentages are observed among children from urban areas and those from rural coastal areas than among those from the rural interior, at 78, 72, and 52 percent, respectively. Greater percentages can also be observed among children whose mothers had higher levels of educational attainment, the respective percentages ranging between 58 percent among children whose mothers had no education and 76 percent among those whose mothers had at least a secondary school education. Nutrition Suriname MICS4 31 Table NU.4: Duration of breastfeeding Median duration of any breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, and predominant breastfeeding among children age 0-35 months, Suriname, 2010 Median duration (in months) of Number of children age 0-35 months Any breastfeeding1 Exclusive breastfeeding Predominant breastfeeding Sex* Male 6.9 0.4 0.6 1,063 Female 10.5 0.4 0.5 966 District Paramaribo 5.7 0.4 0.5 788 Wanica 7.6 0.0 0.5 362 Nickerie 9.0 0.0 0.0 124 Coronie (*) (*) (*) 7 Saramacca 5.5 0.5 2.8 54 Commewijne 5.8 1.4 1.4 74 Marowijne 7.9 0.0 0.5 127 Para 6.5 0.0 0.6 72 Brokopondo 10.1 0.5 1.6 105 Sipaliwini 13.1 0.4 1.0 316 Area Urban 5.8 0.4 0.5 1,231 Rural Coastal 6.6 0.4 0.6 378 Rural Interior 12.6 0.4 1.3 421 Total Rural 10.4 0.4 0.7 799 Mother’s education None 11.4 0.4 1.4 267 Primary 9.8 0.4 0.5 572 Secondary + 5.6 0.4 0.5 1,154 Non-standard/Missing/DK (*) (*) (*) 25 Wealth index quintile Poorest 11.7 0.4 0.5 668 Second 7.5 0.4 0.5 425 Middle 6.1 0.4 0.5 355 Fourth 3.1 0.5 0.6 331 Richest 5.5 0.0 0.5 250 Ethnicity of household head** Indigenous 17.0 0.5 0.6 96 Maroon 10.8 0.4 0.6 843 Creole 6.2 0.4 0.4 250 Hindustani 4.1 0.4 0.4 402 Javanese 5.2 0.5 1.5 219 Mixed 3.8 0.0 0.5 196 Others (*) (*) (*) 24 Median 8.0 0.4 0.5 2,030 Mean for all children (0-35 months) 10.5 0.2 1.4 2,030 * ‘Missing/DK’ categories not shown due to low number of observations (*) Figures that are based on less than 25 unweighted cases 1 MICS indicator 2.10 Nutrition 32 Suriname MICS4 Table NU.5: Age-appropriate breastfeeding Percentage of children age 0-23 months who were appropriately breastfed during the previous day, Suriname, 2010 Children age 0-5 months Children age 6-23 months Children age 0-23 months Percent exclusively breastfed1 Number of children Percent currently breastfeeding and receiving solid, semi- solid or soft foods Number of children Percent appropriately breastfed2 Number of children Sex* Male 1.6 150 15.7 575 12.8 724 Female 4.0 136 20.1 528 16.8 665 District Paramaribo 1.8 113 14.5 442 12.0 555 Wanica (*) 41 17.0 203 14.2 244 Nickerie (*) 15 31.6 64 26.5 79 Coronie (*) 1 (*) 5 (*) 5 Saramacca (*) 8 (16.7) 31 16.4 40 Commewijne (*) 7 (20.8) 48 20.5 55 Marowijne (2.4) 25 17.9 64 13.5 89 Para (*) 10 18.5 38 14.7 48 Brokopondo (4.5) 22 12.5 48 10.0 70 Sipaliwini 2.3 44 22.7 160 18.3 204 Area Urban 1.3 159 16.5 697 13.6 856 Rural Coastal 6.4 61 19.9 198 16.7 259 Rural interior 3.1 66 20.3 208 16.2 274 Total Rural 4.7 127 20.1 407 16.4 534 Mother’s education None 1.3 39 14.5 134 11.5 173 Primary 5.6 76 21.1 330 18.2 407 Secondary + 1.9 165 17.1 618 13.9 782 Non-standard/Missing/DK (*) 6 (*) 22 (*) 27 Wealth index quintile Poorest 2.4 116 20.3 335 15.7 451 Second (3.0) 39 18.7 233 16.5 272 Middle (1.3) 51 15.1 209 12.4 260 Fourth (6.8) 49 17.1 180 14.9 229 Richest (*) 31 15.4 148 12.7 179 Ethnicity of household head* Indigenous/Amerindian (*) 10 37.8 54 33.4 64 Maroon 1.2 137 14.3 418 11.1 555 Creole (*) 35 21.0 143 17.2 178 Hindustani (4.0) 49 21.9 237 18.8 287 Javanese (*) 28 20.0 121 18.0 149 Mixed (*) 24 8.8 113 7.3 137 Others (*) 3 (*) 17 (*) 20 Total 2.8 286 17.8 1,104 14.7 1,390 * ‘Missing/DK’ categories not shown due to low number of observations ( ) Figures that are based on 25-49 unweighted cases (*) Figures that are based on less than 25 unweighted cases 1 MICS indicator 2.6 2 MICS indicator 2.14 Nutrition Suriname MICS4 33 Table NU.6: Introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods Percentage of infants age 6-8 months who received solid, semi-solid or soft foods during the previous day, Suriname, 2010 Currently breastfeeding Currently not breastfeeding All Percent receiving solid, semi- solid or soft foods Number of children age 6-8 months Percent receiving solid, semi- solid or soft foods Number of children age 6-8 months Percent receiving solid, semi- solid or soft foods1 Number of children age 6-8 months Sex Male (44.8) 48 (49.2) 51 47.1 99 Female 37.9 47 (57.9) 39 46.9 85 Area Urban (*) 48 (53.1) 64 50.0 113 Rural Coastal (*) 15 (59.0) 19 62.5 33 Rural interior 22.6 32 (*) 6 24.4 38 Total Rural 36.7 46 (52.7) 25 42.3 71 Total 41.4 95 53.0 89 47.0 184 ( ) Figures that are based on 25-49 unweighted cases (*) Figures that are based on less than 25 unweighted cases 1 MICS indicator 2.12 Nutrition 34 Suriname MICS4 Table NU.7: Minimum meal frequency Percentage of children age 6-23 months who received solid, semi-solid, or soft foods (and milk feeds for non-breastfeeding children) the minimum number of times or more during the previous day, according to breastfeeding status, Suriname, 2010 Currently breastfeeding Currently not breastfeeding All Percent receiving solid, semi-solid and soft foods the minimum number of times Number of children age 6-23 months Percent receiving at least 2 milk feeds1 Percent receiving solid, semi-solid and soft foods or milk feeds 4 times or more Number of children age 6-23 months Percent with minimum meal frequency2 Number of children age 6-23 months Sex* Male 15.3 142 81.8 83.6 433 66.8 575 Female 17.0 162 79.2 81.1 366 61.5 528 Age 6-8 months 16.8 95 94.7 88.2 89 51.5 184 9-11 months 16.3 79 94.5 92.9 97 58.3 176 12-17 months 10.9 66 89.1 85.8 221 68.6 287 18-23 months 20.8 64 69.2 76.7 393 69.0 456 District Paramaribo 17.6 103 88.8 87.6 340 71.4 442 Wanica (11.1) 55 89.0 89.0 148 68.0 203 Nickerie (*) 24 85.5 88.7 41 67.3 64 Coronie (*) 2 (*) (*) 3 (*) 5 Saramacca (*) 5 (90.0) (90.0) 26 (79.2) 31 Commewijne (*) 10 (78.9) (86.0) 38 (70.8) 48 Marowijne (20.0) 18 82.9 85.5 46 67.0 64 Para (*) 8 (79.1) (83.7) 30 72.2 38 Brokopondo (0.0) 17 62.9 69.4 31 44.8 48 Sipaliwini 13.1 62 40.8 50.8 98 36.1 160 Area Urban 16.1 175 88.0 87.7 522 69.7 697 Rural Coastal 26.5 49 84.4 87.9 150 72.8 198 Rural interior 10.3 80 46.2 55.3 129 38.1 208 Total Rural 16.5 128 66.7 72.8 278 55.0 407 Mother’s education None 11.1 38 51.5 60.6 96 46.6 134 Primary 18.2 114 76.4 79.0 217 58.1 330 Secondary + 15.8 150 88.7 88.8 468 71.1 618 Non-standard/ Missing/DK (*) 2 (*) (*) 19 (*) 22 Wealth index quintile Poorest 19.5 115 59.2 65.4 219 49.6 335 Second 3.9 69 85.7 89.7 164 64.4 233 Middle (26.2) 43 92.4 88.8 165 75.8 209 Fourth (18.5) 43 90.7 88.2 136 71.4 180 Richest (*) 33 85.4 88.9 115 72.4 148 Ethnicity of household head* Indigenous/Amerindian (8.0) 29 (77.2) (71.8) 25 37.5 54 Maroon 13.0 120 67.4 73.3 298 56.1 418 Creole (19.5) 41 90.2 86.9 102 67.8 143 Hindustani (22.9) 61 89.4 89.0 177 72.1 237 Javanese (*) 30 83.0 85.2 91 69.5 121 Mixed (*) 21 91.5 94.3 92 79.1 113 Others (*) 2 (*) (*) 15 (*) 17 Total 16.2 303 80.6 82.5 800 64.3 1,104 * ‘Missing/DK’ categories not shown due to low number of observations ( ) Figures that are based on 25-49 unweighted cases; (*) Figures that are based on less than 25 unweighted cases 1 MICS indicator 2.15 2 MICS indicator 2.13 Among currently breastfeeding children age 6-8 months, minimum meal frequency is defined as children who also received solid, semi- solid or soft foods 2 times or more. Among currently breastfeeding children age 9-23 months, receipt of solid, semi-solid or soft foods at least 3 times constitutes minimum meal frequency. For non-breastfeeding children age 6-23 months, minimum meal frequency is defined as children receiving solid, semi-solid or soft foods, and milk feeds, at least 4 times during the previous day. Nutrition Suriname MICS4 35 Table NU.8: Bottle feeding Percentage of children age 0-23 months who were fed with a bottle with a nipple during the previous day, Suriname, 2010 Percentage of children age 0-23 months fed with a bottle with a nipple1 Number of children age 0-23 months Sex* Male 73.7 724 Female 69.8 665 Age 0-5 months 76.5 286 6-11 months 78.2 360 12-23 months 67.0 744 District Paramaribo 80.1 555 Wanica 76.7 244 Nickerie 67.8 79 Coronie (*) 5 Saramacca 63.9 40 Commewijne 66.3 55 Marowijne 81.1 89 Para 70.6 48 Brokopondo 63.6 70 Sipaliwini 48.1 204 Area Urban 78.1 856 Rural Coastal 72.1 259 Rural interior 52.1 274 Total Rural 61.8 534 Mother’s education None 58.3 173 Primary 69.2 407 Secondary + 76.3 782 Non-standard/ Missing/DK (*) 27 Wealth index quintile Poorest 61.8 451 Second 74.1 272 Middle 77.2 260 Fourth 81.7 229 Richest 73.4 179 Ethnicity of household head* Indigenous/Amerindian 67.8 64 Maroon 66.3 555 Creole 80.9 178 Hindustani 77.0 287 Javanese 69.0 149 Mixed 72.9 137 Others (*) 20 Total 71.9 1,390 * ‘Missing/DK’ categories not shown due to low number of observations (*) Figures that are based on less than 25 unweighted cases 1 MICS indicator 2.11 Nutrition 36 Suriname MICS4 Low Birth Weight Weight at birth is a good indicator not only of a mother's health and nutritional status but also the newborn's chances for survival, growth, long‐term health and psychosocial development. Low birth weight (less than 2,500 grams) carries a range of grave health risks for children. Babies who were undernourished in the womb face a greatly increased risk of dying during their early months and years. Those who survive have impaired immune function and increased risk of disease; they are likely to remain undernourished, with reduced muscle strength, throughout their lives, and suffer a higher incidence of diabetes and heart disease in later life. Children born underweight also tend to have a lower IQ and cognitive disabilities, affecting their performance in school and their job opportunities as adults. In the developing world, low birth weight stems primarily from the mother's poor health and nutrition. Three factors have most impact: the mother's poor nutritional status before conception, short stature (due mostly to under nutrition and infections during her childhood), and poor nutrition during the pregnancy. Inadequate weight gain during pregnancy is particularly important since it accounts for a large proportion of foetal growth retardation. Moreover, diseases such as diarrhoea and malaria, which are common in many developing countries, can significantly impair foetal growth if the mother becomes infected while pregnant. In the industrialized world, cigarette smoking during pregnancy is the leading cause of low birth weight. In developed and developing countries alike, teenagers who give birth when their own bodies have yet to finish growing run the risk of bearing underweight babies. One of the major challenges in measuring the incidence of low birth weight is the fact that more than half of infants in the developing world are not weighed. In the past, most estimates of low birth weight for developing countries were based on data compiled from health facilities. However, these estimates are biased for most developing countries because the majority of newborns are not delivered in facilities, and those who are represent only a selected sample of all births. Because many infants are not weighed at birth and those who are weighed may be a biased sample of all births, the reported birth weights usually cannot be used to estimate the prevalence of low birth weight among all children. Therefore, the percentage of births weighing below 2500 grams is estimated from two items in the questionnaire: the mother’s assessment of the child’s size at birth (i.e., very small, smaller than average, average, larger than average, very large) and the mother’s recall of the child’s weight or the weight as recorded on a health card if the child was weighed at birth.9 Overall, Table NU.9 (page 37) shows that about 81 percent of births were weighed at birth and approximately 14 percent of infants are estimated to weigh less than 2,500 grams at birth. On birth weight there are just slight and inconclusive variations across background characteristics. However, some differences can be seen among districts and elsewhere when looking at percentage weighed at birth. 9 For a detailed description of the methodology, see Boerma, J. T., Weinstein, K. I., Rutstein, S.O., and Sommerfelt, A. E. , 1996. Data on Birth Weight in Developing Countries: Can Surveys Help? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 74(2), 209‐16. Nutrition Suriname MICS4 37 Table NU.9: Low birth weight infants Percentage of last-born children in the 2 years preceding the survey that are estimated to have weighed below 2500 grams at birth and percentage of live births weighed at birth, Suriname, 2010 Percent of live births: Number of last-born children in the two years preceding the survey Below 2500 grams1 Weighed at birth2 District Paramaribo 14.5 82.3 430 Wanica 15.6 86.0 191 Nickerie 14.2 86.0 61 Coronie (*) (*) 4 Saramacca 10.7 87.7 30 Commewijne (12.1) (83.7) 44 Marowijne 12.2 81.1 65 Para 9.5 80.3 38 Brokopondo 12.4 71.4 53 Sipaliwini 13.0 67.2 146 Area Urban 14.9 83.4 668 Rural Coastal 11.4 83.2 193 Rural interior 12.8 68.3 199 Total Rural 12.1 75.7 392 Mother’s education None 13.3 64.7 125 Primary 15.2 76.9 305 Secondary + 13.3 85.4 609 Non-standard/ Missing/DK (*) (*) 21 Wealth index quintile Poorest 14.2 69.4 341 Second 13.7 81.4 212 Middle 13.4 86.0 200 Fourth 13.9 92.4 167 Richest 13.9 84.4 141 Ethnicity of household head* Indigenous/Amerindian 11.0 67.6 50 Maroon 13.4 74.4 429 Creole 14.7 78.6 131 Hindustani 16.0 92.4 216 Javanese 12.3 82.6 111 Mixed 12.7 89.4 104 Others (*) (*) 20 Total 13.9 80.5 1,060 * ‘Missing/DK’ category of ethnicity of household head not shown due to low number of observations ( ) Figures that are based on 25-49 unweighted cases (*) Figures that are based on less than 25 unweighted cases 1 MICS indicator 2.18 2 MICS indicator 2.19 Child Health 38 Suriname MICS4 5. Child Health Child Health Suriname MICS4 39 Immunization The Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 4 is to reduce child mortality by two thirds between 1990 and 2015. Immunization plays a key part in this goal. Immunizations have saved the lives of millions of children in the three decades since the launch of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in 1974. Worldwide, there are still 27 million children overlooked by routine immunization and as a result, vaccine‐ preventable diseases cause more than 2 million deaths every year. A World Fit for Children goal is to ensure full immunization of children under one year of age at 90 percent nationally, with at least 80 percent coverage in every district or equivalent administrative unit. According to the national vaccination schedule, a child should receive one dose of hepatitis vaccine at birth, three doses of Pentavalent to protect against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, haemophilias influenza type b, and hepatitis b, and three doses of polio vaccine by six months. After their first birthday, children should receive a dose of MMR to protect against Measles, Mumps and Rubella, and a Yellow Fever vaccination for children living in the interior. By the age of 18 months a child should receive a fourth dose of DPT and polio vaccine. Information on vaccination coverage was collected for all children under five years of age. All mothers or caretakers were asked to provide vaccination cards. If the vaccination card for a child was available, interviewers copied vaccination information from the cards onto the MICS questionnaire. If no vaccination card was available for the child, the interviewer proceeded to ask the mother to recall whether or not the child had received each of the vaccinations, and for Polio, DPT and Hepatitis B, how many doses were received. The final vaccination coverage estimates are based on both information obtained from the vaccination card and the mother’s report of vaccinations received by the child. In the case of Suriname, the Pentavalent vaccine is given together with DPT and HepB. However, during the customisation of the standard MICS questionnaires, the introduction of the Pentavalent vaccine was not added into the final questionnaires used in the survey. This, due to restrictions pertaining to the uniformity of the questionnaire formats. This resulted in underestimation of children receiving the DPT and HepB vaccines now no longer given separately, but as part of the Pentavalent vaccine. The coverage of DPT and HepB are therefore omitted from this report as the results would be misleading. The coverage of HepB given at birth is still valid, as well as the results for Polio and Measles (MMR). With regards to Yellow Fever, the results are presented for Brokopondo and Sipaliwini districts. The percentage of children age 18 to 29 months who have received each of the specific vaccinations by source of information (vaccination card and mother’s recall) is shown in Table CH.1 (page 40). The denominator for the table is comprised of children age 18‐29 months so that only children who are old enough to be fully vaccinated are counted. In the first three columns of the table, the numerator includes all children who were vaccinated at any time before the survey according to the vaccination card or the mother’s report. In the last column, only those children who were vaccinated before their first birthday are included. For children without vaccination cards, the proportion of vaccinations given before the first birthday is assumed to be the same as for children with vaccination cards. In Suriname, the MICS4 data reveal that about 83 percent of children age 18‐29 months received three doses of the polio vaccine at any time before the survey. As much as 91 percent had received at least a first dose of the polio vaccine. HepB at birth, the only HepB vaccine that can be tabulated due to the mentioned design issue, shows a prevalence of 39 percent of children age 18‐29 months vaccinated at any time before the survey. Figure CH.1 (page 42) presents coverage of each vaccine on the children who were vaccinated at any time before the survey. Child Health 40 Suriname MICS4 With respect to the vaccine against measles (MMR), MICS4 data indicate that approximately 78 percent of children age18‐29 months were estimated to have received the measles vaccine. Nonetheless, national estimates by the Ministry of Health for 2010 and 2011 reveal that Suriname has attained an immunization profile above the international threshold of 85% for vaccinations against measles (MMR). This discrepancy should be investigated further. There are a number of possible reasons for the difference. In the MICS, issues could be related to data quality, but certainly also to imprecise vaccination cards that have omitted vaccines. Discrepancy is also found on the coverage of Yellow fever vaccination. According to MICS, in Brokopondo and Sipaliwini 64 percent of children age 18‐29 were immunized at any time before the survey, but only 15 percent were vaccinated by 12 months of age. It should be noted that national immunization estimates from the Ministry of Health for children age 12‐23 months in these parts of the country and a part of Para, are 79 percent in 2009, 80 percent in 2010, and 77 percent in 2011. While the numbers are not strictly comparable, the large discrepancy is evident and further investigation is necessary to understand and learn for future data collection activities. Table CH.1: Vaccinations in first year of life Percentage of children age 18-29 months immunized against childhood diseases at any time before the survey and before the first birthday (by 18 months of age against measles-MMR), Suriname, 2010 Vaccinated at any time before the survey according to: Vaccinated by 12 months of age Vaccination card Mother's report Either Polio 1 80.1 10.3 90.5 89.9 2 80.0 8.4 88.5 86.5 31 77.1 6.1 83.2 79.0 Measles (MMR)2 70.5 7.4 77.9 73.9 HepB At birth 32.8 5.7 38.5 38.0 Number of children age 18-29 months 746 746 746 746 Yellow fever3 (Brokopondo and Sipaliwini ) 59.3 4.7 64.0 15.1 Number of children age 18-29 months (Brokopondo and Sipaliwini ) 154 154 154 154 1 MICS indicator 3.2; 2 MICS indicator 3.4; MDG indicator 4.3 3 MICS indicator 3.6 Table CH.2 (page 41) presents vaccination coverage estimates among children 18‐29 months by background characteristics. The figures indicate children receiving the vaccinations at any time up to the date of the survey, and are based on information from both the vaccination cards and mothers’ (or caretakers’) reports. Vaccination cards have been seen by the interviewer for 82 percent of children. This total hides that while most district values center around this total, the interviewers in Marowijne only managed to see the card of every second child (54%). The table does not reveal any obvious patterns without background characteristics, although precisely Marowijne have significantly lower vaccination rates across the board. Child Health Suriname MICS4 41 Table CH.2: Vaccinations by background characteristics Percentage of children age 18-29 months currently vaccinated against childhood diseases, Suriname, 2010 Percentage of children who received: Percentage with vaccination card seen Number of children age 18- 29 months Brokopondo and Sipaliwini: Polio Measles (MMR) HepB at birth Percentage of children who received yellow fever Number of children age 18-29 months 1 2 3 Sex* Male 90.7 89.6 85.3 78.0 37.5 81.5 385 62.8 88 Female 90.1 87.5 81.0 77.9 39.5 81.9 361 65.8 66 Region Paramaribo 91.4 90.7 85.7 78.1 34.3 83.6 281 na na Wanica 88.7 87.3 83.1 79.7 39.1 80.3 144 na na Nickerie 97.1 97.1 91.3 75.0 52.2 94.2 45 na na Coronie (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 2 na na Saramacca (96.8) (96.8) (96.8) (90.3) (45.2) (93.5) 20 na na Commewijne (97.6) (85.4) (85.4) (89.5) (56.1) (85.4) 27 na na Marowijne 69.0 62.9 52.9 47.1 20.0 53.5 43 na na Para (97.6) (97.5) (95.0) (87.2) (48.7) (90.2) 29 na na Brokopondo 95.1 90.0 81.7 70.9 41.7 77.0 31 52.7 31 Sipaliwini 89.7 88.2 80.6 82.9 40.0 81.0 124 66.8 124 Area Urban 91.2 89.9 85.1 78.4 38.2 83.3 459 na na Rural Coastal 87.5 83.5 79.3 73.4 37.4 77.4 133 na na Rural interior 90.7 88.5 80.8 80.6 40.3 80.2 154 64.0 154 Total Rural 89.2 86.2 80.1 77.2 39.0 78.9 287 na na Mother’s education* None 87.2 86.4 77.4 79.6 37.2 77.9 110 61.2 77 Primary 89.3 87.3 81.4 78.5 39.7 78.3 210 70.6 60 Secondary + 92.0 89.6 85.6 76.5 38.6 84.2 409 (50.1) 16 Other/Non-standard (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 14 (*) 1 Wealth index quintile Poorest 87.3 84.6 76.6 76.7 37.6 75.7 236 65.1 142 Second 91.8 90.2 87.7 78.7 39.3 86.5 153 (*) 11 Middle 94.2 94.2 91.1 77.4 40.6 86.2 148 (*) 1 Fourth 89.2 85.2 78.5 74.0 33.5 76.9 130 (*) 1 Richest (92.3) (91.6) (86.6) (87.3) (43.1) (89.0) 79 - 0 Ethnicity of household head Indigenous/Amerindian 91.3 91.6 83.4 81.5 31.9 87.1 42 (71.4) 11 Maroon 88.4 86.1 79.3 76.1 40.1 76.1 319 63.5 142 Creole 94.0 92.3 89.7 81.8 37.0 89.7 77 - 0 Hindustani 92.3 91.8 89.1 80.5 33.0 90.5 148 - 0 Javanese 90.0 84.3 76.8 78.2 47.9 74.4 81 - 0 Mixed (91.0) (91.0) (91.0) (72.5) (36.2) (87.3) 74 (*) 1 Others (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 6 - 0 Total 90.5 88.5 83.2 77.9 38.5 81.6 746 64.0 154 * ‘Missing/DK’ categories not shown due to low number of observations ( ) Figures that are based on 25-49 unweighted cases (*) Figures that are based on less than 25 unweighted cases Child Health 42 Suriname MICS4 Figure CH.1: Percentage of children aged 18-29 months who received the recommended vaccinations at any time before the survey, Suriname, 2010 Neonatal Tetanus Protection One of the MDGs is to reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio, with one strategy to eliminate maternal tetanus. In addition, another goal is to reduce the incidence of neonatal tetanus to less than 1 case of neonatal tetanus per 1000 live births in every district. A World Fit for Children goal is to eliminate maternal and neonatal tetanus by 2005. The strategy for preventing maternal and neonatal tetanus is to assure all pregnant women receive at least two doses of tetanus toxoid vaccine. If a woman has not received at least two doses of tetanus toxoid during a particular pregnancy, she (and her newborn) are also considered to be protected against tetanus if the woman: Received at least two doses of tetanus toxoid vaccine, the last within the previous 3 years; Received at least 3 doses, the last within the previous 5 years; Received at least 4 doses, the last within the previous 10 years; Received 5 or more doses anytime during her life. To assess the status of tetanus vaccination coverage, women who gave birth during the two years before the survey were asked if they had received tetanus toxoid injections during the pregnancy for their most recent birth, and if so, how many. Women who did not receive two or more tetanus toxoid vaccinations during this pregnancy were then asked about tetanus toxoid vaccinations they may have received prior to this pregnancy. Interviewers also asked women to present their vaccination card, on which dates of tetanus toxoid are recorded and referred to information from the cards when available. Table CH.3 (page 43) shows the protection status from tetanus of women who have had a live birth within the last 2 years. Figure CH.2 (page 44) shows the protection of women against neonatal tetanus by major background characteristics. Among women with a live birth in the last years in the different districts of Suriname, the largest proportion to have been protected against neonatal tetanus was in Brokopondo (53%) and Para (49%). The smallest proportions were observed in Paramaribo (28%). Given the small proportion that was observed in Paramaribo, it is not surprising that notably smaller proportions of women in urban areas have been protected against neonatal tetanus when compared to those in rural areas. In fact, similar proportions have been observed in rural areas whether in coastal domains or in the interior. There is an inverse relationship between the mother’s education and the proportion protected against neonatal tetanus as those with higher levels of education appearing to have lower likelihoods of being 90 88 83 38 78 64 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Pe rc en t Figure CH.1: Percentage of children aged 18-29 months who received the recommended vaccinations at any time before the survey, Suriname, 2010 Child Health Suriname MICS4 43 protected against neonatal tetanus. In Suriname as a whole, 36 percent of women with a live birth in the last years were estimated to have been protected against neonatal tetanus. Table CH.3: Neonatal tetanus protection Percentage of women age 15-49 years with a live birth in the last 2 years protected against neonatal tetanus, Suriname, 2010 Percentage of women who received at least 2 doses during last pregnancy Percentage of women who did not receive two or more doses during last pregnancy but received: Protected against tetanus1 Number of women with a live birth in the last 2 years 2 doses, the last within prior 3 years 3 doses, the last within prior 5 years 4 doses, the last within prior 10 years 5 or more doses during lifetime Area Urban 23.6 8.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 32.5 668 Rural Coastal 32.3 10.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 42.9 193 Rural interior 32.2 10.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 43.0 199 Total Rural 32.3 10.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 42.9 392 District Paramaribo 20.4 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.7 430 Wanica 30.7 10.5 1.8 0.0 0.0 43.0 191 Nickerie 25.4 15.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 41.2 61 Coronie (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 4 Saramacca 33.3 10.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.9 30 Commewijne (30.0) (2.5) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (32.5) 44 Marowijne 31.8 9.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 42.4 65 Para 37.9 9.1 1.5 0.0 0.0 48.5 38 Brokopondo 45.9 6.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 52.6 53 Sipaliwini 27.2 11.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 39.4 146 Education* None 34.8 11.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 46.9 125 Primary 31.7 8.8 0.2 0.0 0.2 40.8 305 Secondary + 22.1 9.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 31.7 609 Other/Non-standard (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 16 Wealth index quintile Poorest 30.6 9.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 40.3 341 Second 26.3 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.5 212 Middle 24.8 8.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 33.6 200 Fourth 24.4 7.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.2 167 Richest 24.2 11.7 1.2 0.0 0.0 37.0 141 Ethnicity of household head Indigenous/Amerindian 25.2 10.2 0.0 0.0 1.0 36.3 50 Maroon 29.9 8.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 38.2 429 Creole 22.5 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.7 131 Hindustani 24.3 9.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.2 216 Javanese 25.7 8.9 3.0 0.0 0.0 37.6 111 Mixed 24.4 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.7 104 Others (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 20 Total 26.8 9.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 36.4 1,060 * ‘Missing/DK’ category of education not shown due to low number of observations ( ) Figures that are based on 25-49 unweighted cases (*) Figures that are based on less than 25 unweighted cases 1 MICS indicator 3.7 Child Health 44 Suriname MICS4 Figure CH.2: Percentage of women with a live birth in the last 12 months who are protected against neonatal tetanus, Suriname, 2010 Oral Rehydration Treatment Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of death among children under five worldwide. Most diarrhoea‐ related deaths in children are due to dehydration from loss of large quantities of water and electrolytes from the body in liquid stools. Management of diarrhoea – either through oral rehydration salts (ORS) or a recommended home fluid (RHF) ‐ can prevent many of these deaths. Preventing dehydration and malnutrition by increasing fluid intake and continuing to feed the child are also important strategies for managing diarrhoea. The goals are to: 1) reduce by one half death due to diarrhoea among children under five by 2010 compared to 2000 (A World Fit for Children); and 2) reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five by 2015 compared to 1990 (Millennium Development Goals). In addition, the World Fit for Children calls for a reduction in the incidence of diarrhoea by 25 percent. In the MICS, prevalence of diarrhoea was estimated by asking mothers or caretakers whether their child under age five years had an episode of diarrhoea in the two weeks prior to the survey. In cases where mothers reported that the child had diarrhoea, a series of questions were asked about the treatment of the illness, including what the child had to drink and eat during the episode and whether this was more or less than the child usually drinks and eats. Overall, approximately 10 percent of under five children had diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey (Table CH.4, page 47). Diarrhoea prevalence rates were highest in Sipaliwini (13%), Brokopondo 28 43 41 44 (32) 42 48 39 33 43 43 43 47 41 32 42 0 10 20 30 40 50 Regions Paramaribo Wanica Nickerie Coronie Saramacca Commewijne Marowijne Para Brokopondo Sipaliwini Area Urban Rural Coastal Rural interior Total Rural Education None Primary Secondary + Total Percent Figure CH.2: Percentage of women with a live birth in the last 2 years who are protected against neonatal tetanus, Suriname, 2010 53 Child Health Suriname MICS4 45 (13%) and Wanica (11%) and lowest in Saramacca (6%). Similar rates ranging between 8 percent and 10 percent were observed in the remaining districts. One year old children were more likely to have had diarrhoea in the last two weeks preceding the survey (14%) when compared to children less than 1 year old (13%), 2 year olds (9%), 3 year olds (7%), and 4 year olds (6%). Diarrhoea prevalence is higher for children of mothers with no or only primary (both 13%) than for those with secondary or higher education (8%). Table CH.4 also shows the percentage of children receiving various types of recommended liquids during the episode of diarrhoea. Since children may have been given more than one type of liquid, the percentages do not necessarily add to 100. About 42 percent received fluids from ORS packets or pre‐ packaged ORS fluids and 52 percent received recommended homemade fluids. Tea is as commonly used as ORS fluids and is also the most common homemade remedy (42%), whereas rice water and extract of guava leaves were given in 12 and 16 percent of cases, respectively. Approximately 72 percent of children with diarrhoea received one or more of the recommended treatments (i.e., were treated with ORS or RHF), while 28 percent received no treatment. Figure CH.3 reveals that children of mothers with secondary education and those residing in urban areas were less likely to have received oral rehydration treatment than other children. Figure CH.3: Percentage of children under age 5 with diarrhoea who received ORS or recommended home fluids, Suriname, 2010 Just 39 percent of under five children with diarrhoea were given more to drink than usual (Table CH.5, page 49). More than one fifth (22%) ate much less, stopped eating, or had never been given food. Table CH.6 (page 51) provides the proportion of children age 0‐59 months with diarrhoea in the last two weeks who received oral rehydration therapy with continued feeding, and percentage of children with diarrhoea who received other treatments. Overall, 63 percent of children with diarrhoea received ORS or increased fluids, 81 percent received ORT (ORS or recommended homemade fluids or increased fluids), and 61 percent of children received ORT and continued feeding, as is the recommendation. There are significant differences in the home management of diarrhoea by background characteristics. According to Figure CH.4 (below), the proportion of children to have received ORT with continued feeding is fairly constant around the national average across the groups. However, the use of ORS or increased 68 77 76 77 73 80 67 71 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 Pe rc en t Figure CH.3: Percentage of children under age 5 with diarrhoea who received ORS or recommended home fluids, Suriname, 2010 Child Health 46 Suriname MICS4 fluids is highest with mothers in the rural interior and those with no education and lowest among mothers in urban areas and with secondary or higher education. This observation is similar to use of ORT. Figure CH.4: Treatment of diarrhoea, Suriname, 2010 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Figure CH.4: Treatment of diarrhoea, Suriname, 2010 ORS or increased fluids ORT (ORS or recommended homemade fluids or increased fluids) ORT with continued feeding Ch ild He al th Su rin am e M IC S4 47 Ta bl e C H .4 : O ra l r eh yd ra tio n so lu tio ns a nd re co m m en de d ho m em ad e flu id s P er ce nt ag e of c hi ld re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s w ith d ia rr ho ea in th e la st tw o w ee ks , a nd tr ea tm en t w ith o ra l r eh yd ra tio n so lu tio ns a nd r ec om m en de d ho m em ad e flu id s, S ur in am e, 20 10 H ad di ar rh oe a in la st tw o w ee ks N um be r of ch ild re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s C hi ld re n w ith d ia rr ho ea w ho re ce iv ed : N um be r o f ch ild re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s w ith di ar rh oe a in la st tw o w ee ks O R S (F lu id fr om O R S pa ck et o r p re - pa ck ag ed O R S flu id ) R ec om m en de d ho m em ad e flu id s O R S o r a ny re co m m en de d ho m em ad e flu id R ic e w at er E xt ra ct gu av a le av es Te a A ny re co m m en de d ho m em ad e flu id Se x* M al e 11 .1 1, 65 9 43 .4 13 .4 14 .5 44 .7 54 .6 75 .3 18 5 Fe m al e 8. 6 1, 64 9 41 .2 9. 2 17 .0 39 .0 48 .1 66 .5 14 1 M is si ng (* ) 1 - - - - - - 0 D is tr ic t P ar am ar ib o 8. 4 1, 27 4 30 .2 9. 4 13 .2 52 .8 58 .5 66 .0 10 7 W an ic a 11 .2 59 9 (3 3. 3) (1 5. 2) (9 .1 ) (3 6. 4) (4 5. 5) (6 9. 7) 67 N ic ke rie 7. 7 18 8 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 14 C or on ie (* ) 14 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 2 S ar am ac ca 6. 4 91 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 6 C om m ew ijn e 8. 7 12 2 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 11 M ar ow ijn e 9. 4 19 2 (5 3. 3) (2 3. 3) (2 6. 7) (4 0. 0) (5 0. 0) (7 6. 7) 18 P ar a 9. 2 12 2 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 11 B ro ko po nd o 12 .6 16 7 (4 7. 6) (7 .1 ) (1 9. 0) (2 6. 2) (4 2. 9) (6 9. 0) 21 S ip al iw in i 12 .8 53 7 61 .2 14 .2 24 .6 32 .1 50 .0 78 .4 69 A re a U rb an 9. 4 2, 00 1 33 .3 10 .8 10 .8 46 .2 52 .7 67 .7 18 7 R ur al C oa st al 8. 0 60 3 49 .1 12 .9 19 .9 48 .3 54 .9 77 .5 48 R ur al in te rio r 12 .7 70 5 58 .0 12 .5 23 .3 30 .7 48 .3 76 .2 90 To ta l R ur al 10 .6 1, 30 7 54 .9 12 .7 22 .1 36 .9 50 .6 76 .6 13 8 A ge 0- 11 m on th s 12 .5 64 6 35 .5 10 .9 19 .2 31 .7 45 .8 68 .9 81 12 -2 3 m on th s 14 .2 74 4 47 .9 15 .5 14 .3 39 .6 51 .0 71 .4 10 6 24 -3 5 m on th s 8. 7 64 0 43 .9 2. 0 11 .6 53 .2 56 .9 78 .7 56 36 -4 7 m on th s 6. 7 69 4 (3 4. 7) (1 0. 4) (1 2. 2) (4 7. 9) (5 5. 8) (7 0. 4) 46 48 -5 9 m on th s 6. 3 58 4 (4 9. 6) (1 7. 8) (2 1. 5) (4 9. 1) (5 4. 6) (6 7. 9) 37 Ch ild He al th 48 Su rin am e M IC S4 H ad di ar rh oe a in la st tw o w ee ks N um be r of ch ild re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s C hi ld re n w ith d ia rr ho ea w ho re ce iv ed : N um be r of ch ild re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s w ith di ar rh oe a in l as t tw o w ee ks O R S (F lu id fro m O R S pa ck et or pr e- pa ck ag ed O R S flu id ) R ec om m en de d ho m em ad e flu id s O R S or an y re co m m en de d ho m em ad e flu id R ic e w at er E xt ra ct gu av a le av es Te a A ny re co m m en de d ho m em ad e flu id M ot he r’s e du ca tio n* N on e 12 .1 45 4 57 .6 11 .6 23 .6 25 .5 45 .0 72 .8 55 P rim ar y 11 .6 96 7 49 .9 16 .1 23 .5 49 .5 58 .7 79 .5 11 2 S ec on da ry + 8. 4 1, 82 4 32 .5 8. 4 7. 2 44 .2 50 .6 66 .9 15 3 O th er /N on -s ta nd ar d (1 2. 2) 48 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 6 W ea lth in de x qu in til e P oo re st 12 .5 1, 13 9 56 .9 17 .7 19 .6 36 .6 48 .4 72 .9 14 2 S ec on d 11 .1 67 5 32 .0 11 .4 18 .0 57 .5 68 .5 80 .9 75 M id dl e 6. 4 56 3 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 36 Fo ur th 10 .3 50 1 (4 5. 4) (7 .9 ) (6 .5 ) (2 8. 5) (4 0. 3) (7 0. 2) 51 R ic he st 5. 0 42 9 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 21 Et hn ic ity o f h ou se ho ld h ea d In di ge no us /A m er in di an 18 .0 15 3 (5 8. 4) (8 .8 ) (1 6. 9) (5 2. 4) (6 0. 1) (8 0. 9) 28 M ar oo n 10 .8 1, 38 9 53 .3 17 .2 21 .7 40 .1 54 .4 79 .1 15 0 C re ol e 8. 3 42 8 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 36 H in du st an i 9. 6 64 4 (3 4. 7) (4 .4 ) (7 .6 ) (3 1. 4) (3 4. 7) (5 6. 5) 62 Ja va ne se 3. 5 34 6 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 12 M ix ed 11 .9 30 8 (3 4. 5) (7 .4 ) (5 .5 ) (4 5. 8) (5 1. 3) (6 7. 6) 37 O th er s (* ) 38 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 2 To ta l 9. 8 3, 30 8 42 .4 11 .6 15 .6 42 .2 51 .8 71 .5 32 5 * ‘M is si ng /D K ’ c at eg or ie s no t s ho w n du e to lo w n um be r o f o bs er va tio ns ( ) F ig ur es th at a re b as ed o n 25 -4 9 un w ei gh te d ca se s (* ) F ig ur es th at a re b as ed o n le ss th an 2 5 un w ei gh te d ca se s Ch ild He al th Su rin am e M IC S4 49 Ta bl e C H .5 : F ee di ng p ra ct ic es d ur in g di ar rh oe a P er ce nt d is tri bu tio n of c hi ld re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s w ith d ia rr ho ea in th e la st tw o w ee ks b y am ou nt o f l iq ui ds a nd fo od g iv en d ur in g ep is od e of d ia rr ho ea , S ur in am e, 2 01 0 H ad di ar rh oe a in la st tw o w ee ks N um be r of ch ild re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s D rin ki ng p ra ct ic es d ur in g di ar rh oe a: Ea tin g pr ac tic es d ur in g di ar rh oe a: N um be r of ch ild re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s w ith di ar rh oe a in la st tw o w ee ks G iv en m uc h le ss to dr in k G iv en so m ew ha t le ss to dr in k G iv en ab ou t th e sa m e to dr in k G iv en m or e to dr in k G iv en no th in g to d rin k M is si ng /D K G iv en m uc h le ss to e at G iv en so m ew ha t le ss to e at G iv en ab ou t th e sa m e to e at G iv en m or e to e at S to pp ed fo od H ad ne ve r be en gi ve n fo od M is si ng /D K To ta l To ta l Se x* M al e 11 .1 1, 65 9 7. 7 14 .6 30 .4 41 .3 0. 0 5. 9 10 0. 0 18 .4 29 .4 33 .3 14 .5 0. 0 1. 7 2. 7 10 0. 0 18 5 Fe m al e 8. 6 1, 64 9 9. 7 19 .2 32 .4 36 .4 1. 1 1. 1 10 0. 0 20 .6 27 .8 39 .7 8. 5 0. 5 2. 5 0. 4 10 0. 0 14 1 D is tr ic t P ar am ar ib o 8. 4 1, 27 4 5. 7 18 .9 30 .2 39 .6 0. 0 5. 7 10 0. 0 13 .2 28 .3 41 .5 15 .1 0. 0 0. 0 1. 9 10 0. 0 10 7 W an ic a 11 .2 59 9 (3 .0 ) (1 2. 1) (3 6. 4) (4 5. 5) (0 .0 ) (3 .0 ) 10 0. 0 (2 4. 2) (3 3. 3) (2 7. 3) (1 2. 1) (0 .0 ) (3 .0 ) (0 .0 ) 10 0. 0 67 N ic ke rie 7. 7 18 8 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 14 C or on ie (* ) 14 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 2 S ar am ac ca 6. 4 91 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 6 C om m ew ijn e 8. 7 12 2 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 11 M ar ow ijn e 9. 4 19 2 (1 0. 0) (1 3. 3) (4 0. 0) (2 6. 7) (3 .3 ) (6 .7 ) 10 0. 0 (1 3. 3) (2 0. 0) (4 0. 0) (1 6. 7) (0 .0 ) (3 .3 ) (6 .7 ) 10 0. 0 18 P ar a 9. 2 12 2 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 11 B ro ko po nd o 12 .6 16 7 (9 .5 ) (1 1. 9) (2 8. 6) (4 7. 6) (2 .4 ) (0 .0 ) 10 0. 0 (2 3. 8) (3 1. 0) (3 5. 7) (9 .5 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) 10 0. 0 21 S ip al iw in i 12 .8 53 7 12 .7 24 .6 26 .1 32 .1 0. 7 3. 7 10 0. 0 23 .1 28 .4 35 .1 9. 0 0. 0 3. 0 1. 5 10 0. 0 69 A re a U rb an 9. 4 2, 00 1 6. 4 15 .1 33 .3 40 .9 0. 0 4. 3 10 0. 0 17 .2 31 .2 35 .5 12 .9 0. 0 2. 1 1. 1 10 0. 0 18 7 R ur al C oa st al 8. 0 60 3 10 .9 13 .3 31 .7 38 .9 1. 2 3. 8 10 0. 0 20 .3 18 .7 40 .0 13 .2 1. 4 1. 2 5. 2 10 0. 0 48 R ur al in te rio r 12 .7 70 5 11 .9 21 .6 26 .7 35 .7 1. 1 2. 9 10 0. 0 23 .3 29 .0 35 .2 9. 1 0. 0 2. 3 1. 1 10 0. 0 90 To ta l R ur al 10 .6 1, 30 7 11 .6 18 .7 28 .5 36 .9 1. 2 3. 2 10 0. 0 22 .2 25 .4 36 .9 10 .5 0. 5 1. 9 2. 6 10 0. 0 13 8 A ge 0- 11 m on th s 12 .5 64 6 4. 5 25 .9 39 .4 26 .4 0. 6 3. 3 10 0. 0 13 .8 30 .2 38 .5 13 .4 0. 0 0. 0 4. 0 10 0. 0 81 12 -2 3 m on th s 14 .2 74 4 10 .5 16 .3 24 .3 44 .2 0. 0 4. 8 10 0. 0 21 .8 31 .8 31 .9 9. 2 0. 0 4. 8 0. 5 10 0. 0 10 6 24 -3 5 m on th s 8. 7 64 0 9. 7 16 .7 19 .6 48 .1 2. 0 3. 9 10 0. 0 25 .9 29 .8 32 .1 8. 2 1. 2 0. 9 2. 0 10 0. 0 56 36 -4 7 m on th s 6. 7 69 4 (9 .0 ) (4 .6 ) (4 2. 2) (3 9. 8) (0 .0 ) (4 .3 ) 10 0. 0 (1 7. 8) (2 4. 2) (4 2. 1) (1 4. 8) (0 .0 ) (1 .1 ) (0 .0 ) 10 0. 0 46 48 -5 9 m on th s 6. 3 58 4 (1 0. 0) (1 2. 3) (3 7. 3) (3 8. 6) (0 .0 ) (1 .8 ) 10 0. 0 (1 6. 7) (2 0. 5) (4 1. 4) (1 8. 2) (0 .0 ) (1 .4 ) (1 .8 ) 10 0. 0 37 Ch ild He al th 50 Su rin am e M IC S4 Ta bl e C H .5 : F ee di ng p ra ct ic es d ur in g di ar rh ea (c on tin ue d) P er ce nt d is tri bu tio n of c hi ld re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s w ith d ia rr ho ea in th e la st tw o w ee ks b y am ou nt o f l iq ui ds a nd fo od g iv en d ur in g ep is od e of d ia rr ho ea , S ur in am e, 2 01 0 H ad di ar rh oe a in la st tw o w ee ks N um be r of ch ild re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s D rin ki ng p ra ct ic es d ur in g di ar rh oe a: Ea tin g pr ac tic es d ur in g di ar rh oe a: N um be r of ch ild re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s w ith di ar rh oe a in la st tw o w ee ks G iv en m uc h le ss to dr in k G iv en so m ew ha t le ss to dr in k G iv en ab ou t th e sa m e to dr in k G iv en m or e to dr in k G iv en no th in g to d rin k M is si ng /D K G iv en m uc h le ss to e at G iv en so m ew ha t le ss to e at G iv en ab ou t th e sa m e to e at G iv en m or e to e at S to pp ed fo od H ad ne ve r be en gi ve n fo od M is si ng /D K To ta l To ta l M ot he r’s e du ca tio n* N on e 12 .1 45 4 14 .3 17 .7 30 .3 33 .1 0. 0 4. 7 10 0. 0 31 .1 19 .5 33 .9 12 .7 0. 0 0. 9 1. 9 10 0. 0 55 P rim ar y 11 .6 96 7 8. 9 24 .5 23 .2 37 .8 1. 4 4. 1 10 0. 0 23 .4 29 .1 30 .3 10 .6 0. 6 5. 5 0. 5 10 0. 0 11 2 S ec on da ry + 8. 4 1, 82 4 6. 3 10 .7 38 .1 42 .7 0. 0 2. 2 10 0. 0 12 .6 32 .6 41 .8 10 .5 0. 0 0. 0 2. 6 10 0. 0 15 3 O th er /N on -s ta nd ar d (1 2. 2) 48 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 6 W ea lth in de x qu in til e P oo re st 12 .5 1, 13 9 11 .0 18 .0 30 .8 36 .5 1. 1 2. 7 10 0. 0 22 .7 27 .9 32 .4 10 .8 0. 0 3. 3 3. 0 10 0. 0 14 2 S ec on d 11 .1 67 5 14 .0 21 .1 29 .5 32 .6 0. 0 2. 7 10 0. 0 26 .0 23 .8 37 .9 9. 7 0. 0 2. 7 0. 0 10 0. 0 75 M id dl e 6. 4 56 3 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 36 Fo ur th 10 .3 50 1 (3 .8 ) (1 5. 7) (3 4. 9) (4 5. 5) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) 10 0. 0 (1 3. 0) (4 5. 5) (2 5. 8) (1 3. 1) (1 .3 ) (0 .0 ) (1 .3 ) 10 0. 0 51 R ic he st 5. 0 42 9 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 21 Et hn ic ity o f h ou se ho ld h ea d* In di ge no us /A m er in di an 18 .0 15 3 (3 0. 1) (3 5. 4) (1 0. 0) (2 0. 5) (1 .9 ) (2 .2 ) 10 0. 0 (3 9. 8) (2 0. 7) (1 9. 6) (1 0. 0) (0 .0 ) (7 .8 ) (2 .2 ) 10 0. 0 28 M ar oo n 10 .8 1, 38 9 10 .5 16 .1 33 .4 35 .8 0. 7 3. 5 10 0. 0 24 .4 24 .5 35 .1 13 .3 0. 0 0. 3 2. 4 10 0. 0 15 0 C re ol e 8. 3 42 8 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 36 H in du st an i 9. 6 64 4 0. 0 14 .2 52 .1 33 .7 0. 0 0. 0 10 0. 0 12 .0 31 .6 40 .1 7. 7 1. 1 6. 5 1. 1 10 0. 0 62 Ja va ne se 3. 5 34 6 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 12 M ix ed 11 .9 30 8 (5 .4 ) (7 .3 ) (1 2. 8) (6 1. 7) (0 .0 ) (1 2. 8) 10 0. 0 (9 .1 ) (2 9. 0) (4 0. 0) (2 0. 2) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (1 .8 ) 10 0. 0 37 O th er s (* ) 38 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 10 0. 0 2 To ta l 9. 8 3, 30 8 8. 6 16 .6 31 .3 39 .2 0. 5 3. 8 10 0. 0 19 .4 28 .7 36 .1 11 .9 0. 2 2. 0 1. 7 10 0. 0 32 5 * ‘M is si ng /D K ’ c at eg or ie s no t s ho w n du e to lo w n um be r o f o bs er va tio ns ( ) F ig ur es th at a re b as ed o n 25 -4 9 un w ei gh te d ca se s (* ) F ig ur es th at a re b as ed o n le ss th an 2 5 un w ei gh te d ca se s Child Health Suriname MICS4 51 Table CH.6: Oral rehydration therapy with continued feeding and other treatments Percentage of children age 0-59 months with diarrhoea in the last two weeks who received oral rehydration therapy with continued feeding, and percentage of children with diarrhoea who received other treatments, Suriname, 2010 Children with diarrhoea who received: Other treatments: Not given any treatment or drug Number of children age 0-59 months with diarrhoea in last two weeks ORS or increased fluids ORT (ORS or recommended homemade fluids or increased fluids) ORT with continued feeding1 Pill or syrup Injection Home remedy, herbal medicine Other Sex Male 62.5 82.8 64.1 83.1 0.0 7.3 21.3 11.5 185 Female 62.9 77.7 56.4 78.6 0.5 9.6 13.9 17.0 141 District Paramaribo 54.7 77.4 66.0 77.4 0.0 13.2 22.6 15.1 107 Wanica (57.6) (75.8) (51.5) (75.8) (0.0) (3.0) (15.2) (21.2) 67 Nickerie (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 14 Coronie (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 2 Saramacca (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 6 Commewijne (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 11 Marowijne (56.7) (80.0) (66.7) (86.7) (0.0) (6.7) (13.3) (6.7) 18 Para (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 11 Brokopondo (73.8) (88.1) (64.3) (88.1) (0.0) (7.1) (7.1) (9.5) 21 Sipaliwini 74.6 86.6 61.9 87.3 0.0 9.0 16.4 7.5 69 Area Urban 57.0 76.3 59.1 76.3 0.0 8.6 19.3 18.3 187 Rural Coastal 62.8 85.7 64.0 88.2 1.3 6.5 20.3 7.9 48 Rural interior 74.4 86.9 62.5 87.5 0.0 8.5 14.2 7.9 90 Total Rural 70.4 86.5 63.0 87.7 0.5 7.8 16.4 7.9 138 Age 0-11 months 47.6 74.8 61.0 75.5 0.0 3.7 14.9 23.2 81 12-23 months 69.8 85.4 60.7 85.4 0.6 11.4 16.2 10.5 106 24-35 months 74.7 92.3 65.4 93.4 0.0 10.2 20.6 3.8 56 36-47 months (60.2) (71.5) (59.2) (72.6) (0.0) (5.6) (23.4) (13.1) 46 48-59 months (60.1) (73.7) (55.7) (73.7) (0.0) (9.6) (19.9) (19.4) 37 Mother’s education* None 75.3 86.8 56.7 88.8 0.0 6.8 17.1 6.5 55 Primary 64.3 87.4 60.2 87.4 0.6 12.4 14.3 10.1 112 Secondary + 57.5 74.3 63.0 74.7 0.0 6.1 18.9 19.6 153 Other/Non-standard (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 6 Wealth index quintile Poorest 70.7 84.2 58.0 85.4 0.0 12.6 16.1 8.4 142 Second 51.9 85.0 59.0 85.0 0.9 4.9 19.7 11.6 75 Middle (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 36 Fourth (66.3) (78.1) (67.7) (78.1) (0.0) (9.1) (19.5) (18.0) 51 Richest (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 21 Ethnicity of household head* Indigenous/Amerindian (62.1) (82.7) (44.7) (84.9) (2.4) (0.0) (9.6) (11.3) 28 Maroon 67.1 88.4 64.3 89.2 0.0 13.1 13.8 7.5 150 Creole (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 36 Hindustani (55.4) (60.8) (44.6) (60.8) (0.0) (4.3) (20.7) (29.4) 62 Javanese (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 12 Mixed (72.6) (87.2) (78.1) (87.2) (0.0) (1.8) (23.7) (7.3) 37 Others (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 2 Total 62.6 80.6 60.8 81.2 0.2 8.3 18.1 13.9 325 * ‘Missing/DK’ categories not shown due to low number of observations ( ) Figures that are based on 25-49 unweighted cases (*) Figures that are based on less than 25 unweighted cases 1 MICS indicator 3.8 Child Health 52 Suriname MICS4 Care Seeking and Antibiotic Treatment of Pneumonia Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children and the use of antibiotics in under‐5s with suspected pneumonia is a key intervention. A World Fit for Children goal is to reduce by one‐third the deaths due to acute respiratory infections. Children with suspected pneumonia are those who had an illness with a cough accompanied by rapid or difficult breathing and whose symptoms were NOT due to a problem in the chest and a blocked nose. The indicators are: Prevalence of suspected pneumonia Care seeking for suspected pneumonia Antibiotic treatment for suspected pneumonia Knowledge of the danger signs of pneumonia Table CH.7 (page 53) presents the prevalence of suspected pneumonia and, if care was sought outside the home, the site of care. Specifically, 2 percent of children aged 0‐59 months were reported to have had symptoms of pneumonia during the two weeks preceding the survey. Of these children, a little more than three quarters (76%) were taken to an appropriate provider. Just over a half of the children (51%) of the children with suspected pneumonia were cared for in a public sector government health centre. Table CH.7 shows that 13 percent were cared for by a private physician. Public sector government hospitals and private hospitals/clinics provided care for 5 percent and 8 percent, respectively, of all children with suspected pneumonia. Table CH.7 also presents the use of antibiotics for the treatment of suspected pneumonia in under‐5s by sex, age, district, area, age, and socioeconomic factors. In Suriname, 71 percent of under‐5 children with suspected pneumonia had received an antibiotic during the two weeks prior to the survey. Issues related to knowledge of danger signs of pneumonia are presented in Table CH.8 (page 55). Obviously, mothers’ knowledge of the danger signs is an important determinant of care‐seeking behaviour. Overall, just 10 percent of women know of the two danger signs of pneumonia – fast and difficult breathing. Such knowledge was relatively more frequent among mother’s who had secondary education (12%) than among those with lower levels of education (8% for primary education and 8% for no education). Compared to urban and rural interior areas, rural coastal areas have higher proportions of mothers who had known the two danger signs of pneumonia, the respective proportions being 10 percent, 8 percent, and 14 percent. The most commonly identified symptom for taking a child to a health facility is if the child develops a fever (72%). Nonetheless, 12 percent of mothers identified fast breathing and 17 percent of mothers identified difficulty breathing as symptoms for taking children immediately to a health care provider. 63 percent of mothers identified other symptoms not specifically mentioned in the questionnaire, which should inform future data collection activities. Ch ild He al th Su rin am e M IC S4 53 Ta bl e C H .7 : C ar e se ek in g fo r s us pe ct ed p ne um on ia a nd a nt ib io tic u se d ur in g su sp ec te d pn eu m on ia P er ce nt ag e of c hi ld re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s w ith s us pe ct ed p ne um on ia in th e la st tw o w ee ks w ho w er e ta ke n to a h ea lth p ro vi de r a nd p er ce nt ag e of c hi ld re n w ho w er e gi ve n an tib io tic s, S ur in am e, 2 01 0 H ad su sp ec te d pn eu m on ia in th e la st tw o w ee ks N um be r of ch ild re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s C hi ld re n w ith s us pe ct ed p ne um on ia w ho w er e ta ke n to : A ny ap pr op . pr ov id er 1 P er ce nt ag e of c hi ld re n w ith su sp ec te d pn eu m on ia w ho re ce iv ed an tib io tic s in th e la st tw o w ee ks 2 N um be r o f ch ild re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s w ith su sp ec te d pn eu m on ia in th e la st tw o w ee ks Pu bl ic s ou rc es Pr iv at e so ur ce s O th er s ou rc e G ov t. ho sp ita l G ov t. he al th ce nt re G ov t. he al th po st V illa ge he al th w or ke r M ob ile / ou tre ac h cl in ic O th er pu bl ic P riv at e ho sp ita l / c lin ic P riv at e ph ys ic ia n O th er pr iv at e m ed ic al R el a- tiv e or fri en d Tr ad . P ra ct i- tio ne r O th er Se x* M al e 2. 9 1, 65 9 (4 .6 ) (5 2. 5) (0 .0 ) (2 .2 ) (1 .1 ) (1 .4 ) (8 .5 ) (1 4. 2) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (1 4. 1) (0 .0 ) (7 2. 1) (7 3. 1) 47 Fe m al e 1. 5 1, 64 9 (6 .7 ) (4 8. 2) (4 .0 ) (4 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (7 .9 ) (1 1. 9) (0 .0 ) (2 .4 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (8 2. 8) (6 7. 7) 25 D is tr ic t P ar am ar ib o 2. 1 1, 27 4 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 26 W an ic a 1. 4 59 9 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 8 N ic ke rie 3. 1 18 8 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 6 C or on ie 4. 5 14 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 1 S ar am ac ca 0. 7 91 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 1 C om m ew ijn e 3. 3 12 2 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 4 M ar ow ijn e 0. 9 19 2 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 2 P ar a 1. 7 12 2 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 2 B ro ko po nd o 2. 7 16 7 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 5 S ip al iw in i 3. 5 53 7 (1 0. 8) (5 6. 8) (5 .4 ) (1 0. 8) (2 .7 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (2 .7 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (8 6. 5) (4 5. 9) 19 A re a U rb an 2. 1 2, 00 1 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 42 R ur al C oa st al 1. 2 60 3 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 7 R ur al in te rio r 3. 3 70 5 (1 0. 9) (5 0. 1) (4 .4 ) (8 .7 ) (2 .2 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (4 .3 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (7 8. 4) (4 1. 4) 23 To ta l R ur al 2. 3 1, 30 7 12 .7 49 .3 3. 3 6. 7 1. 7 2. 1 0. 0 5. 6 0. 0 2. 0 2. 1 0. 0 75 .4 51 .2 31 A ge 0- 11 m on th s 2. 3 64 6 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 15 12 -2 3 m on th s 4. 0 74 4 (7 .4 ) (4 6. 3) (3 .5 ) (1 .7 ) (0 .0 ) (2 .2 ) (6 .9 ) (1 5. 3) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (1 5. 8) (0 .0 ) (8 1. 0) (8 2. 6) 30 24 -3 5 m on th s 1. 4 64 0 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 9 36 -4 7 m on th s 1. 8 69 4 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 13 48 -5 9 m on th s 1. 2 58 4 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 7 M ot he r’s e du ca tio n* N on e 3. 9 45 4 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 18 P rim ar y 2. 4 96 7 (4 .3 ) (7 1. 3) (0 .0 ) (2 .2 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (8 .5 ) (8 .5 ) (0 .0 ) (2 .6 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (7 7. 8) (5 8. 7) 24 S ec on da ry + 1. 7 1, 82 4 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 31 O th er /N on -s ta nd ar d (0 .0 ) 48 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 W ea lth in de x qu in til e P oo re st 2. 6 1, 13 9 (9 .2 ) (5 5. 9) (3 .4 ) (6 .8 ) (1 .7 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (3 .4 ) (0 .0 ) (2 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (0 .0 ) (7 8. 7) (4 6. 7) 30 S ec on d 2. 4 67 5 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 16 M id dl e 1. 3 56 3 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 7 Fo ur th 2. 3 50 1 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 11 R ic he st 1. 9 42 9 (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) (* ) 8 Ch ild He al th 54 Su rin am e M IC S4 Ta bl e C H .7 : C ar e se ek in g fo r s us pe ct ed p ne um on ia a nd a nt ib io tic u se d ur in g su sp ec te d pn eu m on ia ( co nt in ue d) P er ce nt ag e of c hi ld re n ag e 0- 59 m on th s w ith s us pe ct ed p ne um on ia in th e la st tw o w ee ks w ho w er e ta ke n to a h ea lth p ro vi de r a nd p er ce nt ag e of c hi ld re n w ho w er e gi ve n an tib io tic s, S ur in am e, 2 01 0 H ad su sp ec te d pn eu m on ia
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